tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-31322721841536283052024-03-19T01:47:44.216-07:00Easy LearningUsman Khanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16581732211609745919noreply@blogger.comBlogger107125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3132272184153628305.post-6158097912018276522015-06-21T23:47:00.001-07:002017-01-05T02:04:19.347-08:00C program to Read From a File<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
#include <stdio.h> <br />#include <stdlib.h> <br />void main() <br />{ <br /> FILE *fptr; <br /> char filename[15]; <br /> char ch; <br /> printf("Enter the filename to be opened \n"); <br /> scanf("%s", filename); <br /> /* open the file for reading */ <br /> fptr = fopen(filename, "r"); <br /> if (fptr == NULL) <br /> { <br /> printf("Cannot open file \n"); <br /> exit(0); <br /> } <br /> ch = fgetc(fptr); <br /> while (ch != EOF) <br /> { <br /> printf ("%c", ch); <br /> ch = fgetc(fptr); <br /> } <br /> fclose(fptr); <br />}</div>
Usman Khanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16581732211609745919noreply@blogger.com93tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3132272184153628305.post-42976076592681009832015-06-21T23:43:00.001-07:002015-06-21T23:43:32.391-07:00C Program to create and write a File<p>#include<stdio.h> <br />#include<conio.h> </p> <p>int main() <br />{ <br /> FILE *fp; <br /> char ch; <br /> fp = fopen("one.txt", "w"); <br /> printf("Enter data"); <br /> while( (ch = getchar()) != EOF) { <br />    putc(ch,fp); <br /> } <br /> fclose(fp); </p> <p> return 0; <br />}</p> Usman Khanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16581732211609745919noreply@blogger.com25tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3132272184153628305.post-63289452279196010142015-06-21T10:05:00.001-07:002015-06-21T10:05:28.865-07:00Programming Manual<p> </p> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2" width="825" border="1"><tbody> <tr> <td valign="top" width="252">Star Formations</td> <td valign="top" width="571"><a title="http://cs-study.blogspot.com/2013/10/c-program-to-print-different-star.html" href="http://cs-study.blogspot.com/2013/10/c-program-to-print-different-star.html">http://cs-study.blogspot.com/2013/10/c-program-to-print-different-star.html</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top" width="252">Hollow Square</td> <td valign="top" width="571"><a title="http://cs-study.blogspot.com/2013/10/c-program-to-print-hollow-stars-square.html" href="http://cs-study.blogspot.com/2013/10/c-program-to-print-hollow-stars-square.html">http://cs-study.blogspot.com/2013/10/c-program-to-print-hollow-stars-square.html</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top" width="252">Ascending Order without loops</td> <td valign="top" width="571"><a title="http://cs-study.blogspot.com/2013/10/c-program-to-display-integers-in.html" href="http://cs-study.blogspot.com/2013/10/c-program-to-display-integers-in.html">http://cs-study.blogspot.com/2013/10/c-program-to-display-integers-in.html</a> </td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top" width="252"> Phases of a Program</td> <td valign="top" width="571"> <a title="http://cs-study.blogspot.com/2013/09/c-program-phases-writing-and-executing.html" href="http://cs-study.blogspot.com/2013/09/c-program-phases-writing-and-executing.html">http://cs-study.blogspot.com/2013/09/c-program-phases-writing-and-executing.html</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top" width="252"> Dev C++ Installation</td> <td valign="top" width="571"> <a title="http://cs-study.blogspot.com/2013/09/installation-of-dev-c.html" href="http://cs-study.blogspot.com/2013/09/installation-of-dev-c.html">http://cs-study.blogspot.com/2013/09/installation-of-dev-c.html</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top" width="252"> Programming Introduction</td> <td valign="top" width="571"> <a title="http://cs-study.blogspot.com/2013/09/introduction-to-programming.html" href="http://cs-study.blogspot.com/2013/09/introduction-to-programming.html">http://cs-study.blogspot.com/2013/09/introduction-to-programming.html</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top" width="252"> Bubble Sort</td> <td valign="top" width="571"> <a title="http://cs-study.blogspot.com/2012/12/bubble-sort.html" href="http://cs-study.blogspot.com/2012/12/bubble-sort.html">http://cs-study.blogspot.com/2012/12/bubble-sort.html</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top" width="252"> Binary Search</td> <td valign="top" width="571"> <a title="http://cs-study.blogspot.com/2012/12/binary-search.html" href="http://cs-study.blogspot.com/2012/12/binary-search.html">http://cs-study.blogspot.com/2012/12/binary-search.html</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top" width="252"> Arrays</td> <td valign="top" width="571"> <a title="http://cs-study.blogspot.com/2012/10/arrays.html" href="http://cs-study.blogspot.com/2012/10/arrays.html">http://cs-study.blogspot.com/2012/10/arrays.html</a></td> </tr> </tbody></table> Usman Khanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16581732211609745919noreply@blogger.com119tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3132272184153628305.post-10917386711714160262015-05-31T23:51:00.001-07:002015-06-09T01:39:45.885-07:00Networking Terminologies <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
Please write a brief note on all the terminologies. A quiz will be taken on the following in the upcoming class.<br />
<br />
<br />
Unshielded Twisted Pair Cables (UTP).<br />
T568-A color Schemes for Straight Through, Cross Over, Roll Over Cables.<br />
T568-B color Schemes for Straight Through, Cross Over, Roll Over Cables.<br />
<br />
Network congestion<br />
TCP congestion-avoidance<br />
<br />
Additive increase/multiplicative decrease<br />
Slow-start<br />
Fast Retransmit and Fast Recovery<br />
<br />
FireWall and VPNs<br />
IP Tunnel<br />
Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM):-<br />
Try to cover all the terminologies used in the following tutorial. <a href="http://cs-study.blogspot.com/2013/12/atm-connection-oriented-cell-switching.html" target="_blank">ATM Tutorial</a> <br />
<br />
<b>NS2</b><br />
<b><br /></b>
Simulator class in NS2<br />
Networking Nodes in NS2 and their features<br />
Types of links available for us to use in NS2<br />
Bandwidth<br />
Latency Time<br />
Queueing Algorithms<br />
TCP<br />
UDP<br />
CBR<br />
FTP<br />
TCP Sink Agent<br />
NULL Agent<br />
<br />
.........................<br />
<b>Paper Pattern:</b><br />
<b><br /></b>
Q1. Theoretical Portion as defined above. Prepare comprehensively.<br />
Q2. NS2 complete. Prepare thoroughly. You will have to write code.<br />
Q3. Do prepare thoroughly for RiverBed. You will have to perform task on riverbed. Following tasks are excluded.<br />
<br />
A Shared media network<br />
A direct link network<br />
Small office network<br />
<br />
<br />
<br /></div>
Usman Khanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16581732211609745919noreply@blogger.com23tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3132272184153628305.post-48222947493763481112014-10-29T22:03:00.001-07:002014-10-29T22:03:55.808-07:00Small Office network simulation <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
Here is the link to the post.<br />
<br />
https://www.rivier.edu/faculty/vriabov/Tutotial-com_small_int.pdf<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br /></div>
Usman Khanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16581732211609745919noreply@blogger.com11tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3132272184153628305.post-48288474883954528262014-04-22T01:12:00.002-07:002014-04-22T01:33:09.103-07:00Sorted Linked List implementation in C<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
include "stdio.h"<br />
include "stdlib.h"<br />
include "conio.h"<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
void del(int data);<br />
void insert(int value);<br />
void display();<br />
<br />
<br />
struct node<br />
{<br />
int data;<br />
struct node *link;<br />
};<br />
<br />
struct node *top=NULL,*temp, *temp1, *temp2, *temp3;<br />
<br />
int main()<br />
{<br />
int choice,data;<br />
<br />
<br />
while(1) //infinite loop is used to insert/delete infinite number of elements in linked list<br />
{<br />
<br />
printf("\n1.Insert\n2.Delete\n3.Display\n4.Exit\n");<br />
printf("\nEnter ur choice:");<br />
scanf("%d",&choice);<br />
switch(choice)<br />
{<br />
case 1: <br />
<br />
<br />
printf("Enter a new element :");<br />
scanf("%d",&data);<br />
insert(data);<br />
break;<br />
<br />
case 2:<br />
<br />
printf("Enter the value to be deleted from sorted linked list :");<br />
scanf("%d",&data);<br />
<br />
del(data);<br />
break;<br />
<br />
case 3:<br />
display();<br />
break;<br />
case 4:<br />
exit(0);<br />
}<br />
<br />
} <br />
getch();<br />
return 0;<br />
}<br />
<br />
void insert(int data)<br />
{<br />
<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span><br />
<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>temp=(struct node *)malloc(sizeof(struct node));<br />
<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>temp->data=data;<br />
<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span><br />
<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>if(top == NULL)<br />
<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>{<br />
<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span><br />
temp->link=NULL;<br />
top=temp;<br />
<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span><br />
<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>}<br />
<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>else // top not null<br />
<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>{<br />
<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>temp1 = top ;<br />
<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>while(temp1 != NULL)<br />
<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>{<br />
<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>if(temp1->data >= data) // list element is smaller ...<br />
<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span><br />
<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>{<br />
<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>if(temp1 == top) // list element is head ...<br />
<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>{ <br />
<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span> temp->link = temp1;<br />
<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span> <br />
<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>top = temp;<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span><br />
<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>break;<br />
<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span><br />
<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>}<br />
<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>else // list element is not head ..<br />
<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>{<br />
<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span><br />
<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>temp->link = temp1;<br />
<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>temp2->link = temp;<br />
<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>break;<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span><br />
<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>}<br />
<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span><br />
<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>}<br />
<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>else<br />
<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>{<br />
<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span><br />
<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>if(temp1->link == NULL)<br />
<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>{<br />
<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>temp->link = NULL;<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span><br />
<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>temp1->link = temp;<br />
<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>break;<br />
<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span><br />
<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>}<br />
<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>else<br />
<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>{<br />
<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>temp2 = temp1;<br />
<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>temp1 = temp1->link;<br />
<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>}<br />
<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span><br />
<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>}<br />
<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span><br />
<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>}<br />
<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span><br />
<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>}<br />
// creating a space for the new element.<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
void del(int data)<br />
{<br />
struct node *temp,*var;<br />
temp=top;<br />
<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span> int i=0;<br />
while(temp!=NULL)<br />
{<br />
if(temp->data == data)<br />
{ i = 1; // Flag ..<br />
if(temp==top)<br />
{<br />
top=temp->link;<br />
free(temp);<br />
break;<br />
}<br />
else<br />
{<br />
var->link=temp->link;<br />
free(temp);<br />
break;<br />
<br />
}<br />
}<br />
else<br />
{<br />
var=temp;<br />
temp=temp->link;<br />
}<br />
}<br />
if(i == 1)<br />
{<br />
<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>printf("data deleted from list is %d",data);<br />
<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span><br />
}<br />
else<br />
{<br />
<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>printf("\n The required data, %d is not found in the list. go look somewhere else",data);<br />
<br />
}<br />
}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
void display()<br />
{<br />
temp=top;<br />
if(temp==NULL)<br />
{<br />
printf("\nStack is empty\n");<br />
}<br />
<br />
while(temp!=NULL)<br />
{<br />
printf(" %d ->",temp->data);<br />
temp=temp->link;<br />
}<br />
<br />
}</div>
Usman Khanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16581732211609745919noreply@blogger.com8tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3132272184153628305.post-32165820958954203902014-03-12T23:14:00.001-07:002014-03-15T07:12:51.935-07:00Priority Queue Implementation in C using Arrays<div style="text-align: left" dir="ltr" trbidi="on"> <p>#include <stdio.h></p> <p>#include <conio.h></p> <p>#define size 5</p> <p>int queue[5][2] = {0};</p> <p>int top = -1;</p> <p>int bottom;</p> <p>void push(int value, int pr)</p> <p>{</p> <p>int i,j,k;</p> <p>if(top < size-1)</p> <p>{</p> <p>if(queue[top][1] > pr)</p> <p>{</p> <p>for(i=0;i<top;i++)</p> <p>{</p> <p>if(queue[i][1] > pr)</p> <p>{</p> <p>break;</p> <p>}</p> <p>}</p> <p>for(j=top;j>=i;j--)</p> <p>{</p> <p>queue[j+1][0] = queue[j][0];</p> <p>queue[j+1][1] = queue[j][1];</p> <p>}</p> <p>top++;</p> <p>queue[i][0] = value;</p> <p>queue[i][1] = pr;</p> <p>}</p> <p>else</p> <p>{</p> <p>top++;</p> <p>queue[top][0] = value;</p> <p>queue[top][1] = pr;</p> <p>}</p> <p>}</p> <p>else</p> <p>{</p> <p>printf("queue overflow \n");</p> <p>}</p> <p>}</p> <p>void pop()</p> <p>{</p> <p>int i;</p> <p>if(queue[0][0] == 0)</p> <p>{</p> <p>printf("\n The queue is empty  \n");</p> <p>}</p> <p>else</p> <p>{</p> <p>printf("After , dequeue the following value is erased \n  %d \n", queue[0][0]);</p> <p>for(i=0;i<top;i++)</p> <p>{</p> <p>queue[i][0] = queue[i+1][0];</p> <p>queue[i][1] = queue[i+1][1];</p> <p>}</p> <p>queue[top][0] = 0;</p> <p>queue[top][1] = 0;</p> <p>top--;</p> <p>}</p> <p>}</p> <p>void display()</p> <p>{ int i,j;</p> <p>printf("Element\tPriority \n");</p> <p>for(i=size - 1;i>=0;i--)</p> <p>{</p> <p>for(j=0;j<2;j++)</p> <p>{</p> <p>printf(" %d\t",queue[i][j]);</p> <p>}</p> <p>printf("\n");</p> <p>}</p> <p>}</p> <p>int main()</p> <p>{</p> <p>int i,j, ch=0 ,value = 0,pr=0;</p> <p>while(1)</p> <p>{</p> <p>printf("\n Please Enter the choice. \n");</p> <p>printf("1 for Enqueue \n 2 for Dequeue \n 3 for display\n  5 for exit: \t \n");</p> <p>scanf("%d",&ch);</p> <p>switch(ch)</p> <p>{</p> <p>case 1:</p> <p>printf("\n Please Enter the number to be inserted: \t ");</p> <p>scanf("%d", &value);</p> <p>printf("\n Please Enter the priority: \t ");</p> <p>scanf("%d", &pr);</p> <p>push(value,pr);</p> <p>break;</p> <p>case 2:</p> <p>pop();</p> <p>break;</p> <p>case 3:</p> <p>display();</p> <p>break;</p> <p>case 5:</p> <p>exit(0);</p> <p>default:</p> <p>printf("You entered wrong choice\n");</p> <p>}</p> <p>}</p> <p>}</p> </div> Usman Khanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16581732211609745919noreply@blogger.com13tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3132272184153628305.post-89878154132720860532014-02-25T23:49:00.002-08:002014-02-25T23:52:08.419-08:00C program for Stack implementation using array<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<code>
#include "stdio.h"<stdio .h=""></stdio><br />
#include "conio.h"<conio .h=""></conio><br />
<br />
#define size 5<br />
<br />
int stack[size] = {0};<br />
<br />
int top = -1;<br />
<br />
void push(int value)<br />
{<br />
<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>if(top < size)<br />
<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>{<br />
<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>top++;<br />
<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>stack[top] = value;<br />
<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>}<br />
<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>else<br />
<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>{<br />
<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>printf("Stack overflow \n");<br />
<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>}<br />
}<br />
<br />
void pop()<br />
{<br />
<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>if(top >= 0)<br />
<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>{<br />
<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>printf("The popped element is:\t %d \n", stack[top]);<br />
<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>stack[top] = 0;<br />
<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>top--;<br />
<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>}<br />
<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span><br />
<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>else<br />
<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>{<br />
<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>printf("Stack underflow \n");<br />
<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>}<br />
<br />
<br />
}<br />
void display()<br />
{<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span><br />
<br />
int i;<br />
<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span><br />
<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>for(i=size - 1;i>=0;i--)<br />
<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>{<br />
<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>printf(" %d \n",stack[i]);<br />
<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>}<br />
}<br />
<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span><br />
void tos()<br />
<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>{<br />
<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>printf("The value at top is %d", stack[top]);<br />
<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>}<br />
<br />
int main()<br />
{<br />
<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span><br />
<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>int i,j, ch=0 ,value = 0;<br />
<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span><br />
<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>while(1)<br />
<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>{<br />
<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>printf("\n Please Enter the choice. \n");<br />
<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>printf("1 for push\n 2 for pop \n 3 for display\n 4 for top \t \n 5 for exit");<br />
<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>scanf("%d",&ch);<br />
<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span><br />
<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>switch(ch)<br />
<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>{<br />
<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>case 1:<br />
<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>printf("\n Please Enter the number to be inserted: \t");<br />
<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>scanf("%d", &value);<br />
<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>push(value);<br />
<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>break;<br />
<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span><br />
<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>case 2:<br />
<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span><br />
<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>pop();<br />
<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span><br />
<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>break;<br />
<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span><br />
<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>case 3:<br />
<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span><br />
<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>display();<br />
<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span><br />
<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>break;<br />
<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span><br />
<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span><br />
<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>case 4:<br />
<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>tos();<br />
<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span><br />
<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>break;<br />
<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span><br />
<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>case 5:<br />
<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span><br />
<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>exit(0);<br />
<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span><br />
<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span><br />
<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span><br />
<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>}<br />
<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>}<br />
</code>
<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span><br />
}</div>
Usman Khanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16581732211609745919noreply@blogger.com6tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3132272184153628305.post-16938099783849704552013-12-09T03:41:00.001-08:002013-12-18T00:29:22.525-08:00Firewalls and VPN<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-size: medium;">Network Security and Virtual Private Networks</span></div>
<div align="justify">
<b><span style="font-size: medium;">Objective</span></b></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-size: medium;">The objective of this lab is to study the role of firewalls and Virtual Private Networks (VPNs) in providing security to shared public networks such as the Internet.</span></div>
<div align="justify">
<b><span style="font-size: medium;">Overview</span></b></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-size: medium;">Computer networks are typically a shared resource used by many applications for many different purposes. Sometimes the data transmitted between application processes is confidential, and the application users would prefer that others not be able to read it.</span></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-size: medium;">A firewall is a specially programmed router that sits between a site and the rest of the network. It is a router in the sense that it is connected to two or more physical networks and it forwards packets from one network to another, but it also filters the packets that flow through it. A firewall allows the system administrator to implement a security policy in one centralized place. Filter-based firewalls are the simplest and most widely deployed type of firewall. They are configured with a table of addresses that characterize the packets they will and will not forward.</span></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-size: medium;">A VPN is an example of providing a controlled connectivity over a public network such as the Internet. VPNs utilize a concept called an <i>IP tunnel</i>—a virtual point-to-point link between a pair of nodes that are actually separated by an arbitrary number of networks. The virtual link is created within the router at the entrance to the tunnel by providing it with the IP address of the router at the far end of the tunnel. Whenever the router at the entrance of the tunnel wants to send a packet over this virtual link, it encapsulates the packet inside an IP datagram. The destination address in the IP header is the address of the router at the far end of the tunnel, while the source address is that of the encapsulating router.</span></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-size: medium;">In this lab you will set up a network where servers are accessed over the Internet by customers who have different privileges. You will study how firewalls and VPNs can provide security to the information in the servers while maintaining access for customers with the appropriate privilege.</span></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-size: medium;"></span></div>
<div align="justify">
<b><span style="font-size: medium;">Procedure</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: medium;">Create a New Project</span></b></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-size: medium;">1. Start <b>OPNET IT Guru Academic Edition</b> ⇒ Choose <b>New</b> from the <b>File</b> menu. </span></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-size: medium;">2. Select <b>Project</b> and click <b>OK</b> ⇒ Name the project <<b>your initials>_VPN</b>, and the scenario <b>NoFirewall</b> ⇒ Click <b>OK</b>. </span></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-size: medium;">3. Click <b>Quit</b> on the <i>Startup Wizard</i>. </span></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-size: medium;">4. To remove the world background map, select the <b>View</b> menu ⇒ <b>Background</b> ⇒ <b>Set Border Map </b>⇒<b> </b>Select<b> NONE </b>from the drop-down menu<b> </b>⇒<b> </b>Click<b> OK</b>.<b> </b></span></div>
<div align="justify">
<b><span style="font-size: medium;">Create and Configure the Network</span></b></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-size: medium;">The <b>ppp_server</b> and <b>ppp_wkstn </b>support one<b> </b>underlying SLIP (Serial Line Internet Protocol) connection at a selectable data rate.</span></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><b>PPP DS1 </b>connects two<b> </b>nodes running IP. Its data rate is 1.544 Mbps.</span></div>
<div align="justify">
<i><span style="font-size: medium;">Initialize the Network:</span></i></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-size: medium;">1. Open the <i>Object Palette</i> dialog box by clicking </span><a href="http://lh5.ggpht.com/-pVhDShPpPSU/UqWrX6LsA-I/AAAAAAAAFag/BoH8uOKpa_s/s1600-h/clip_image007%25255B3%25255D.jpg"><span style="color: black; font-size: medium;"><img alt="clip_image007" border="0" height="30" src="http://lh4.ggpht.com/-UjFKlXfrMSw/UqWrZW1hmrI/AAAAAAAAFao/QZE1oDh-P0E/clip_image007_thumb.jpg?imgmax=800" style="border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; border-right: 0px; border-top: 0px; display: inline;" title="clip_image007" width="29" /></span></a><span style="font-size: medium;">. Make sure that the <b>internet_toolbox </b>item is selected from the pull-down menu on the object palette.<b> </b></span></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-size: medium;">2. Add the following objects, from the palette, to the project workspace (see figure below for placement): <b>Application Config</b>, <b>Profile Config</b>, an <b>ip32_cloud</b>, one <b>ppp_server</b>, three<b> ethernet4_slip8_gtwy </b>routers, and two<b> ppp_wkstn </b>hosts.<b> </b></span></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-size: medium;">a. To add an object from a palette, click its icon in the object palette ⇒ Move your mouse to the workspace and click where you want to place the object ⇒ Right-click to indicate you are done creating objects of this type. </span></div>
<ol start="start">
<li> <div align="justify">
<span style="font-size: medium;">Rename the objects you added and connect them using <b>PPP DS1</b> links, as shown below: </span></div>
</li>
</ol>
<div align="justify">
<a href="http://lh4.ggpht.com/-1CSVaOtVFtI/UqWrbBFKGeI/AAAAAAAAFaw/Nzd6LUk2oLU/s1600-h/clip_image009%25255B3%25255D.jpg"><span style="color: black; font-size: medium;"><img alt="clip_image009" border="0" height="332" src="http://lh5.ggpht.com/-Wr7v8m6JQQ8/UqWrdi5VRjI/AAAAAAAAFa4/J55xIQchDsg/clip_image009_thumb.jpg?imgmax=800" style="border: 0px; display: inline;" title="clip_image009" width="640" /></span></a></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-size: medium;">4. Save your project.</span></div>
<div align="justify">
<b><span style="font-size: medium;"></span></b></div>
<div align="justify">
<a href="" name="page3"><span style="font-size: medium;"></span></a></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-size: medium;">Several example application configurations are available under the <b>Default </b>setting. For<b> </b>example, "Web Browsing (Heavy HTTP1.1)" indicates a Web browsing application performing heavy browsing using HTTP 1.1 protocol..</span></div>
<div align="justify">
<i><span style="font-size: medium;">Configure the Nodes:</span></i></div>
<ol>
<li> <div align="justify">
<span style="font-size: medium;">Right-click on the <b>Applications</b> node ⇒ <b>Edit Attributes</b> ⇒ Assign <b>Default</b> to the <b>Application Definitions </b>attribute<b> </b>⇒<b> </b>Click<b> OK</b>.<b> </b></span></div>
</li>
</ol>
<ol start="start">
<li> <div align="justify">
<span style="font-size: medium;">Right-click on the <b>Profiles</b> node ⇒ <b>Edit Attributes</b> ⇒ Assign <b>Sample Profiles</b> to the <b>Profile Configuration</b> attribute ⇒ Click <b>OK</b>. </span></div>
</li>
</ol>
<ol start="start">
<li> <div align="justify">
<span style="font-size: medium;">Right-click on the <b>Server</b> node ⇒ <b>Edit Attributes</b> ⇒ Assign <b>All</b> to the </span></div>
</li>
</ol>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Application: Supported Services </b>attribute<b> </b>⇒<b> </b>Click<b> OK</b>.<b> </b></span></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-size: medium;">4. Right-click on the <b>Sales A</b> node ⇒ <b>Select Similar Nodes</b> (make sure that both <b>Sales A </b>and<b> Sales B </b>are selected).<b> </b></span></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-size: medium;">i. Right-click on the <b>Sales A</b> node ⇒ <b>Edit Attributes</b> ⇒ Check the <b>Apply</b> <b>Changes to Selected Objects </b>check-box.<b> </b></span></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-size: medium;">ii. Expand the <b>Application: Supported Profiles</b> attribute ⇒ Set <b>rows</b> to 1 ⇒ Expand the <b>row 0</b> hierarchy ⇒ <b>Profile Name</b> = <b>Sales Person</b> (this is one of the “sample profiles” we configured in the <b>Profiles</b> node). </span></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-size: medium;">iii. Click <b>OK</b>. </span></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-size: medium;">5. Save your project. </span></div>
<div align="justify">
<b><span style="font-size: medium;">Choose the Statistics</span></b></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><b>DQ Query Response Time </b>is measured from<b> </b>the time when the database query application</span></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-size: medium;">sends a request to the server to the time it receives a response packet.</span></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><b>HTTP Page Response Time </b>specifies the time<b> </b>required to retrieve the entire page with all the contained inline objects.</span></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-size: medium;">1. Right-click anywhere in the project workspace and select <b>Choose Individual</b> <b>Statistics </b>from the pop-up menu.<b> </b></span></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-size: medium;">2. In the <i>Choose Results</i> dialog, check the following statistics: </span></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-size: medium;">i. <b>Global Statistics </b>⇒<b> DB Query </b>⇒<b> Response Time (sec). </b></span></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-size: medium;">ii. <b>Global Statistics </b>⇒<b> HTTP </b>⇒<b> Page Response Time (seconds). </b></span></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-size: medium;">3. Click <b>OK</b>. </span></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-size: medium;">4. Right-click on the <b>Sales A</b> node and select <b>Choose Individual Statistics</b> from the pop-up menu. </span></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-size: medium;">5. In the <i>Choose Results</i> dialog, check the following statistics: </span></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-size: medium;">i. <b>Client DB </b>⇒<b> Traffic Received (bytes/sec). </b></span></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-size: medium;">ii. <b>Client Http </b>⇒<b> Traffic Received (bytes/sec). </b></span></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-size: medium;">6. Click <b>OK</b>. </span></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-size: medium;">7. Right-click on the <b>Sales B</b> node and select <b>Choose Individual Statistics</b> from the pop-up menu. </span></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-size: medium;">8. In the <i>Choose Results</i> dialog, check the following statistics: </span></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-size: medium;">i. <b>Client DB </b>⇒<b> Traffic Received (bytes/sec). </b></span></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-size: medium;">ii. <b>Client Http </b>⇒<b> Traffic Received (bytes/sec). </b></span></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-size: medium;">9. Click <b>OK</b> and then save your project. </span></div>
<div align="justify">
<b><span style="font-size: medium;"></span></b></div>
<div align="justify">
<a href="" name="page4"><span style="font-size: medium;"></span></a></div>
<div align="justify">
<b><span style="font-size: medium;">The Firewall Scenario</span></b></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-size: medium;">In the network we just created, the <b>Sales Person</b> profile allows both sales sites to access applications such as Database Access, Email, and Web Browsing from the server (check the <b>Profile Configuration</b> of the <b>Profiles</b> node). Assume that we need to protect the database in the server from external access, including the salespeople. One way to do that is to replace Router C with a firewall as follows:</span></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-size: medium;">1. Select <b>Duplicate Scenario</b> from the <b>Scenarios</b> menu and name it <b>Firewall</b> ⇒</span></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-size: medium;">Click <b>OK</b>. </span></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-size: medium;">2. In the new scenario, right-click on <b>Router C</b> ⇒ <b>Edit Attributes</b>. </span></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-size: medium;">3. Assign <b>ethernet2_slip8_firewall</b> to the <b>model</b> attribute. </span></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-size: medium;">4. Expand the hierarchy of the <b>Proxy Server Information</b> attribute ⇒ Expand the <b>row 1</b>, which is for the Database application, hierarchy<b> </b>⇒<b> </b>Assign<b> No </b>to the<b> Proxy Server Deployed </b>attribute as shown:<b> </b></span></div>
<div align="justify">
<a href="http://lh4.ggpht.com/-9iBCc9eJEtQ/UqWrftkkdQI/AAAAAAAAFbA/Klfu2r7NZnY/s1600-h/clip_image011%25255B3%25255D.jpg"><span style="color: black; font-size: medium;"></span></a><span style="color: black; font-size: medium;"><a href="http://lh4.ggpht.com/-9iBCc9eJEtQ/UqWrftkkdQI/AAAAAAAAFbI/XyrrBm5Znf8/s1600-h/clip_image011%25255B4%25255D.jpg"><img alt="clip_image011" border="0" height="514" src="http://lh6.ggpht.com/-mdlKTXOqqZM/UqWrju2SrUI/AAAAAAAAFbQ/STc_2L0L0RQ/clip_image011_thumb%25255B1%25255D.jpg?imgmax=800" style="border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; border-right: 0px; border-top: 0px; display: inline;" title="clip_image011" width="417" /></a></span></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><b></b></span></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Proxy Server Information </b>is a table<b> </b>defining the configuration of the proxy servers on the firewall. Each row indicates whether a proxy server exists for a certain application and the amount of additional delay that will be introduced to each forwarded packet of that application by the proxy server.</span></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-size: medium;">5. Click <b>OK</b> and then save your project.</span></div>
<div align="justify">
<b><span style="font-size: medium;"></span></b></div>
<div align="justify">
<a href="" name="page5"><span style="font-size: medium;"></span></a></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-size: medium;">Our <b>Firewall</b> configuration does not allow database-related traffic to pass through the firewall (it filters such packets out). This way, the databases in the server are protected from external access. Your <b>Firewall</b> scenario should look like the following figure.</span></div>
<div align="justify">
<a href="http://lh4.ggpht.com/-f1PZOmKmpVw/UqWrlTUhjRI/AAAAAAAAFbY/9AJQydx5gAI/s1600-h/clip_image013%25255B3%25255D.jpg"><span style="color: black; font-size: medium;"><img alt="clip_image013" border="0" height="129" src="http://lh3.ggpht.com/-A4n6Ncj9CA8/UqWroS4AczI/AAAAAAAAFbg/ECPxDeIrGp4/clip_image013_thumb.jpg?imgmax=800" style="border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; border-right: 0px; border-top: 0px; display: inline;" title="clip_image013" width="244" /></span></a></div>
<div align="justify">
<br /></div>
<div align="justify">
<b><span style="font-size: medium;">The Firewall_VPN Scenario</span></b></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-size: medium;">In the <b>Firewall</b> scenario, we protected the databases in the server from “any” external access using a firewall router. Assume that we want to allow the people in the <b>Sales A</b> site to have access to the databases in the server. Since the firewall filters all database-related traffic regardless of the source of the traffic, we need to consider the VPN solution. A virtual tunnel can be used by Sales A to send database requests to the server. The firewall will not filter the traffic created by <b>Sales A</b> because the IP packets in the tunnel will be encapsulated inside an IP datagram.</span></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-size: medium;">1. While you are in the <b>Firewall</b> scenario, select <b>Duplicate Scenario</b> from the <b>Scenarios </b>menu and give it the name<b> Firewall_VPN </b>⇒<b> </b>Click<b> OK</b>.<b> </b></span></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-size: medium;">2. Remove the link between <b>Router C</b> and the <b>Server</b>. </span></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-size: medium;">3. Open the <i>Object Palette</i> dialog box by clicking </span><a href="http://lh3.ggpht.com/-VtiWrpFUCc8/UqWrpkNn-aI/AAAAAAAAFbo/UM_KcxkPazc/s1600-h/clip_image014%25255B3%25255D.jpg"><span style="color: black; font-size: medium;"><img alt="clip_image014" border="0" height="30" src="http://lh3.ggpht.com/-VZl6ysve7NI/UqWrsgO7V2I/AAAAAAAAFbw/wo_xjDXqXu4/clip_image014_thumb.jpg?imgmax=800" style="border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; border-right: 0px; border-top: 0px; display: inline;" title="clip_image014" width="29" /></span></a><span style="font-size: medium;">. Make sure that the opened palette is the one called <b>internet_toolbox</b>. </span></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-size: medium;">i. Add to the project workspace one <b>ethernet4_slip8_gtwy</b> and one <b>IP VPN</b> <b>Config </b>(see the figure below for placement).<b> </b></span></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-size: medium;">ii. From the <i>Object Palette,</i> use two <b>PPP DS1</b> links to connect the new router to <b>Router C </b>(the firewall) and to the<b> Server, </b>as shown below.<b> </b></span></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-size: medium;">iii. Close the <i>Object Palette</i> dialog box. </span></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-size: medium;">4. Rename the <b>IP VPN Config</b> object to <b>VPN</b>. </span></div>
<div align="justify">
<b><span style="font-size: medium;"></span></b></div>
<div align="justify">
<a href="" name="page6"><span style="font-size: medium;"></span></a></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-size: medium;">5. Rename the new router to <b>Router D</b> as shown:</span></div>
<div align="justify">
<a href="http://lh6.ggpht.com/-m4yWNPNzQMQ/UqWruW_HgNI/AAAAAAAAFb4/H2hUCHwVTio/s1600-h/clip_image016%25255B3%25255D.jpg"><span style="color: black; font-size: medium;"></span></a><span style="color: black; font-size: medium;"><a href="http://lh6.ggpht.com/-m4yWNPNzQMQ/UqWruW_HgNI/AAAAAAAAFcA/MbwNgkNi0bg/s1600-h/clip_image016%25255B4%25255D.jpg"><img alt="clip_image016" border="0" height="309" src="http://lh5.ggpht.com/-vKg2zaoVrRE/UqWrz0b4J9I/AAAAAAAAFcI/3nYbFtfAtuQ/clip_image016_thumb%25255B1%25255D.jpg?imgmax=800" style="border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; border-right: 0px; border-top: 0px; display: inline;" title="clip_image016" width="583" /></a></span></div>
<div align="justify">
<br /></div>
<div align="justify">
<i><span style="font-size: medium;">Configure the VPN:</span></i></div>
<ol>
<li> <div align="justify">
<span style="font-size: medium;">Right-click on the <b>VPN</b> node ⇒ <b>Edit Attributes.</b></span></div>
</li>
</ol>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-size: medium;">i. Expand the <b>VPN Configuration</b> hierarchy ⇒ Set <b>rows</b> to 1 ⇒ Expand <b>row 0</b> hierarchy ⇒ Edit the value of <b>Tunnel Source Name</b> and write down <b>Router</b> <b>A </b>⇒<b> </b>Edit the value of<b> Tunnel Destination Name </b>and write down<b> Router D</b>.<b> </b></span></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-size: medium;">ii. Expand the <b>Remote Client List</b> hierarchy ⇒ Set <b>rows</b> to 1 ⇒ Expand <b>row 0</b> hierarchy ⇒ Edit the value of <b>Client Node Name</b> and write down <b>Sales A</b>. </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: medium;">iii. Click <b>OK</b> and then save your project. </span></div>
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<a href="http://lh4.ggpht.com/-uYxoBlEEeEE/UqWr1e29AiI/AAAAAAAAFcQ/xBo6R1bwIrs/s1600-h/clip_image018%25255B3%25255D.jpg"><span style="color: black; font-size: medium;"></span></a><span style="color: black; font-size: medium;"><a href="http://lh4.ggpht.com/-uYxoBlEEeEE/UqWr1e29AiI/AAAAAAAAFcY/NcNS0TDrruo/s1600-h/clip_image018%25255B4%25255D.jpg"><img alt="clip_image018" border="0" height="514" src="http://lh6.ggpht.com/-JoRVfukXVNQ/UqWr4UcfeZI/AAAAAAAAFcg/sNtbflKJQm8/clip_image018_thumb%25255B1%25255D.jpg?imgmax=800" style="border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; border-right: 0px; border-top: 0px; display: inline;" title="clip_image018" width="539" /></a></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: medium;"></span></b></div>
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<a href="" name="page7"><span style="font-size: medium;"></span></a></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: medium;">Run the Simulation</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: medium;">To run the simulation for the three scenarios simultaneously:</span></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-size: medium;">1. Go to the <b>Scenarios</b> menu ⇒ Select <b>Manage Scenarios</b>. </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: medium;">2. Change the values under the <b>Results</b> column to <b><collect></b> (or <b><recollect></b>) for the three scenarios. Keep the default value of the <b>Sim Duration</b> (1 hour). Compare to the following figure. </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: medium;"></span></div>
<div align="justify">
<a href="http://lh4.ggpht.com/-gbttzUjwFhs/UqWr56TfgiI/AAAAAAAAFco/-9SD6jHpgVc/s1600-h/clip_image020%25255B3%25255D.jpg"><span style="color: black; font-size: medium;"></span></a><span style="color: black; font-size: medium;"><a href="http://lh4.ggpht.com/-gbttzUjwFhs/UqWr56TfgiI/AAAAAAAAFcw/oi9cC4qEZpc/s1600-h/clip_image020%25255B4%25255D.jpg"><img alt="clip_image020" border="0" height="190" src="http://lh6.ggpht.com/-_J4UHauC7uw/UqWr-FVEC7I/AAAAAAAAFc4/GQwrZL4uRGw/clip_image020_thumb%25255B1%25255D.jpg?imgmax=800" style="border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; border-right: 0px; border-top: 0px; display: inline;" title="clip_image020" width="583" /></a></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-size: medium;">3. Click <b>OK</b> to run the three simulations. Depending on the speed of your processor, this may take several minutes to complete. </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: medium;">4. After the three simulation runs complete, one for each scenario, click <b>Close</b> ⇒ Save your project. </span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: medium;">View the Results</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: medium;">To view and analyze the results:</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: medium;">1. Select <b>Compare Results</b> from the <b>Results</b> menu. </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: medium;">2. Expand the <b>Sales A</b> hierarchy ⇒ Expand the <b>Client DB</b> hierarchy ⇒ Select the </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Traffic Received </b>statistic.<b> </b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: medium;">3. Change the drop-down menu in the middle-lower part of the <b>Compare Results</b> dialog box from <b>As Is</b> to <b>time_average</b> as shown. </span></div>
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<a href="http://lh6.ggpht.com/-hMbIn2NfmzI/UqWr_gUybRI/AAAAAAAAFdA/6iO1tAtjtfY/s1600-h/clip_image022%25255B3%25255D.jpg"><span style="color: black; font-size: medium;"></span></a><span style="color: black; font-size: medium;"><a href="http://lh6.ggpht.com/-hMbIn2NfmzI/UqWr_gUybRI/AAAAAAAAFdI/zgveMixgsn0/s1600-h/clip_image022%25255B4%25255D.jpg"><img alt="clip_image022" border="0" height="298" src="http://lh3.ggpht.com/-Rv9z1y9BjHY/UqWsDbJ82qI/AAAAAAAAFdQ/5UmPG4iuJY0/clip_image022_thumb%25255B1%25255D.jpg?imgmax=800" style="border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; border-right: 0px; border-top: 0px; display: inline;" title="clip_image022" width="583" /></a></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: medium;"></span></b></div>
<div align="justify">
<a href="" name="page8"></a><span style="font-size: medium;">4. Press <b>Show</b> and the resulting graph should resemble the following one: </span></div>
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<a href="http://lh6.ggpht.com/-nupGJdPHFN0/UqWsE-FFRYI/AAAAAAAAFdY/k7JGmfk5pvU/s1600-h/clip_image024%25255B3%25255D.jpg"><span style="color: black; font-size: medium;"></span></a><span style="color: black; font-size: medium;"><a href="http://lh6.ggpht.com/-nupGJdPHFN0/UqWsE-FFRYI/AAAAAAAAFdg/O583Nk6T7Mc/s1600-h/clip_image024%25255B4%25255D.jpg"><img alt="clip_image024" border="0" height="514" src="http://lh6.ggpht.com/-WK-d3-gAAEE/UqWsI2edtiI/AAAAAAAAFdo/82Vm0jZjUrY/clip_image024_thumb%25255B1%25255D.jpg?imgmax=800" style="border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; border-right: 0px; border-top: 0px; display: inline;" title="clip_image024" width="557" /></a></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-size: medium;">5. Create a graph similar to the previous one, but for Sales B:</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: medium;"></span></div>
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<a href="http://lh6.ggpht.com/-F6mDsqi-iPY/UqWsKWG7eSI/AAAAAAAAFdw/xfQ8IregJkc/s1600-h/clip_image026%25255B3%25255D.jpg"><span style="color: black; font-size: medium;"></span></a><span style="color: black; font-size: medium;"><a href="http://lh6.ggpht.com/-F6mDsqi-iPY/UqWsKWG7eSI/AAAAAAAAFd4/7X7D0mop8PE/s1600-h/clip_image026%25255B4%25255D.jpg"><img alt="clip_image026" border="0" height="514" src="http://lh5.ggpht.com/-DaOU4EHq8ZQ/UqWsO4QkFXI/AAAAAAAAFeA/Y5P0VSeKibM/clip_image026_thumb%25255B1%25255D.jpg?imgmax=800" style="border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; border-right: 0px; border-top: 0px; display: inline;" title="clip_image026" width="553" /></a></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: medium;"></span></b></div>
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<a href="" name="page9"><span style="font-size: medium;"></span></a></div>
<ol start="start">
<li> <div align="justify">
<span style="font-size: medium;">Create two graphs similar to the previous ones to depict the Traffic Received by the <b>Client Http</b> for <b>Sales A</b> and <b>Sales B</b>. </span></div>
</li>
</ol>
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<a href="http://lh4.ggpht.com/-Xz8yjwBhiZw/UqWsQjNMmhI/AAAAAAAAFeI/DnICwjDL7Co/s1600-h/clip_image028%25255B3%25255D.jpg"><span style="color: black; font-size: medium;"></span></a><span style="color: black; font-size: medium;"><a href="http://lh4.ggpht.com/-Xz8yjwBhiZw/UqWsQjNMmhI/AAAAAAAAFeQ/QSS2ZVJ3Wh4/s1600-h/clip_image028%25255B4%25255D.jpg"><img alt="clip_image028" border="0" height="514" src="http://lh5.ggpht.com/-usXMCfUu-Ig/UqWsUnU1OcI/AAAAAAAAFeY/LHT9_4HeSus/clip_image028_thumb%25255B1%25255D.jpg?imgmax=800" style="border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; border-right: 0px; border-top: 0px; display: inline;" title="clip_image028" width="257" /></a></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Note: </i>Results may vary slightly due to different node placement.</span></div>
</div>
Usman Khanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16581732211609745919noreply@blogger.com9tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3132272184153628305.post-41300422407184720362013-12-08T20:50:00.001-08:002013-12-08T20:50:23.627-08:00TCP: Transmission Control Protocol<p align="justify"><a name="page1"></a></p> <p align="justify"> </p> <p align="justify"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">A Reliable, Connection-Oriented, Byte-Stream Service</font></p> <p align="justify"> </p> <p align="justify"><b><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Objective</font></b></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">This lab is designed to demonstrate the congestion control algorithms implemented by the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP). The lab provides a number of scenarios to simulate these algorithms. You will compare the performance of the algorithms through the analysis of the simulation results.</font></p> <p align="justify"> </p> <p align="justify"><b><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Overview</font></b></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The Internet’s TCP guarantees the reliable, in-order delivery of a stream of bytes. It includes a flow-control mechanism for the byte streams that allows the receiver to limit how much data the sender can transmit at a given time. In addition, TCP implements a highly tuned congestion-control mechanism. The idea of this mechanism is to throttle how fast TCP sends data to keep the sender from overloading the network.</font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The idea of TCP congestion control is for each source to determine how much capacity is available in the network, so that it knows how many packets it can safely have in transit. It maintains a state variable for each connection, called the <i>congestion window<b>,</b></i> which is used by the source to limit how much data it is allowed to have in transit at a given time. TCP uses a mechanism, called <i>additive increase/multiplicative decrease,</i> that decreases the congestion window when the level of congestion goes up and increases the congestion window when the level of congestion goes down. TCP interprets timeouts as a sign of congestion. Each time a timeout occurs, the source sets the congestion window to half of its previous value. This halving corresponds to the <i>multiplicative decrease</i> part of the mechanism. The congestion window is not allowed to fall below the size of a single packet (the TCP maximum segment size, or MSS). Every time the source successfully sends a congestion window’s worth of packets, it adds the equivalent of one packet to the congestion window; this is the <i>additive increase</i> part of the mechanism.</font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">TCP uses a mechanism called <i>slow start</i> to increase the congestion window “rapidly” from a cold start in TCP connections. It increases the congestion window exponentially, rather than linearly. Finally, TCP utilizes a mechanism called <i>fast retransmit and fast recovery</i>. Fast retransmit is a heuristic that sometimes triggers the retransmission of a dropped packet sooner than the regular timeout mechanism</font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">In this lab you will set up a network that utilizes TCP as its end-to-end transmission protocol and analyze the size of the congestion window with different mechanisms.</font></p> <p align="justify"> </p> <p align="justify"> </p> <a name="page2"></a> <p align="justify"><b><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Procedure</font></b></p> <p align="justify"><b><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Create a New Project</font></b></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">1. Start <b>OPNET IT Guru Academic Edition</b> ⇒ Choose <b>New</b> from the <b>File</b> menu. </font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">2. Select <b>Project</b> and click <b>OK</b> ⇒ Name the project <<b>your initials>_TCP</b>, and the scenario <b>No_Drop</b> ⇒ Click <b>OK</b>. </font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">3. In the <i>Startup Wizard: Initial Topology</i> dialog box, make sure that <b>Create Empty</b> <b>Scenario </b>is selected<b> </b>⇒<b> </b>Click<b> Next </b>⇒<b> </b>Select<b> Choose From Maps </b>from the<b> </b><i>Network Scale </i>list<i> </i>⇒<i> </i>Click<i> </i><b>Next</b><i> </i>⇒<i> </i>Choose<i> </i><b>USA</b><i> </i>from the Map List<i> </i>⇒<i> </i>Click<i> </i><b>Next</b><i> </i>twice ⇒ Click <b>OK</b>. </font></p> <p align="justify"><b><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Create and Configure the Network</font></b></p> <p align="justify"><i><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Initialize the Network:</font></i></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The <b>ip32_cloud</b> node model represents an IP cloud supporting up to 32 serial line interfaces at a selectable data rate through which IP traffic can be modeled. IP packets arriving on any cloud interface are routed to the appropriate output interface based on their destination IP address. The RIP or OSPF protocol may be used to automatically and dynamically create the cloud's routing tables and select routes in an adaptive manner. This cloud requires a fixed amount of time to route each packet, as determined by the</font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4"><font face="Times New Roman"><b>Packet Latency </b>attribute of the node.</font></font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">1. The <i>Object Palette</i> dialog box should now be on the top of your project space. If it is not there, open it by clicking </font><a href="http://lh4.ggpht.com/-sNpmNrnvkvU/UqVLWCbaPGI/AAAAAAAAFTc/X5lOZxpEcXU/s1600-h/clip_image007%25255B4%25255D.jpg"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><img title="clip_image007" style="border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; display: inline" border="0" alt="clip_image007" src="http://lh3.ggpht.com/--aTvF3hGRZk/UqVLW2DKQSI/AAAAAAAAFTk/Wks9yUyDIVc/clip_image007_thumb.jpg?imgmax=800" width="29" height="30" /></font></a><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">. Make sure that the <b>internet_toolbox</b> item is selected from the pull-down menu on the object palette. </font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4"><font face="Times New Roman">2. Add to the project workspace the following objects from the palette: <b>Application</b> <b>Config</b>,<b> Profile Config</b>, an<b> ip32_Cloud, </b>and two subnets.<b> </b></font></font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">a. To add an object from a palette, click its icon in the object palette ⇒ Move your mouse to the workspace ⇒ Click to drop the object in the desired location ⇒ Right-click to finish creating objects of that type. </font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">3. Close the palette. </font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">4. Rename the objects you added as shown and then save your project: </font></p> <p align="justify"><a href="http://lh5.ggpht.com/-BGJ4s9SWrIw/UqVLXr7hjLI/AAAAAAAAFTs/HZUmfdcK6A8/s1600-h/clip_image009%25255B3%25255D.jpg"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="http://lh5.ggpht.com/-BGJ4s9SWrIw/UqVLXr7hjLI/AAAAAAAAFT0/B5lve4N5T2w/s1600-h/clip_image009%25255B4%25255D.jpg"><img title="clip_image009" style="border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; display: inline" border="0" alt="clip_image009" src="http://lh6.ggpht.com/-GWFvRBBF2K8/UqVLZckLsvI/AAAAAAAAFT8/rgQLo_4_FnY/clip_image009_thumb%25255B1%25255D.jpg?imgmax=800" width="583" height="259" /></a></font></a></p> <p align="justify"><b><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"></font></b></p> <p align="justify"><a name="page3"></a><i><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Configure the Applications:</font></i></p> <ol> <li> <div align="justify"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Right-click on the <b>Applications</b> node ⇒ <b>Edit Attributes</b> ⇒ Expand the <b>Application Definitions </b>attribute and set<b> rows </b>to 1<b> </b>⇒<b> </b>Expand the new row<b> </b>⇒<b> </b>Name the row <b>FTP_Application</b>. </font></div> </li> </ol> <p align="justify"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">i. Expand the <b>Description</b> hierarchy ⇒ Edit the <b>FTP</b> row as shown (you will need to set the <b>Special Value</b> to <b>Not Used</b> while editing the shown attributes): </font></p> <p align="justify"><a href="http://lh4.ggpht.com/-YL73hPZBFbc/UqVLaK2OFTI/AAAAAAAAFUE/8IdanIcz7mY/s1600-h/clip_image011%25255B3%25255D.jpg"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="http://lh4.ggpht.com/-YL73hPZBFbc/UqVLaK2OFTI/AAAAAAAAFUM/yMCq-g0pzbo/s1600-h/clip_image011%25255B4%25255D.jpg"><img title="clip_image011" style="border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; display: inline" border="0" alt="clip_image011" src="http://lh6.ggpht.com/-J82xsSd6EQ4/UqVLcXWH8TI/AAAAAAAAFUU/B3E68Y-k_EQ/clip_image011_thumb%25255B1%25255D.jpg?imgmax=800" width="583" height="217" /></a></font></a></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">2. Click <b>OK</b> twice and then save your project.</font></p> <p align="justify"><b><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"></font></b></p> <p align="justify"><a name="page4"></a><i><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Configure the Profiles:</font></i></p> <ol> <li> <div align="justify"><font size="4"><font face="Times New Roman">Right-click on the <b>Profiles</b> node ⇒ <b>Edit Attributes</b> ⇒ Expand the <b>Profile</b> <b>Configuration </b>attribute and set<b> rows </b>to 1.<b> </b></font></font></div> </li> </ol> <p align="justify"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">i. Name and set the attributes of <b>row 0</b> as shown ⇒ Click <b>OK</b>. </font></p> <p align="justify"><a href="http://lh5.ggpht.com/-BeSFsC6IWxo/UqVLdeoe87I/AAAAAAAAFUc/o1d23mgCPHs/s1600-h/clip_image013%25255B3%25255D.jpg"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="http://lh5.ggpht.com/-BeSFsC6IWxo/UqVLdeoe87I/AAAAAAAAFUk/aJtfpCcqzSA/s1600-h/clip_image013%25255B4%25255D.jpg"><img title="clip_image013" style="border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; display: inline" border="0" alt="clip_image013" src="http://lh4.ggpht.com/-RXYCgWv0SwQ/UqVLfiWk6cI/AAAAAAAAFUs/Za6mM5GPB_M/clip_image013_thumb%25255B1%25255D.jpg?imgmax=800" width="442" height="514" /></a></font></a></p> <p align="justify"><b><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"></font></b></p> <p align="justify"><a name="page5"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"></font></a></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The <b>ethernet4_slip8_</b> <b>gtwy </b>node model<b> </b>represents an IP-based gateway supporting four Ethernet hub interfaces and eight serial line interfaces.</font></p> <p align="justify"><i><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Configure the West Subnet:</font></i></p> <ol> <li> <div align="justify"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Double-click on the <b>West</b> subnet node. You get an empty workspace, indicating that the subnet contains no objects. </font></div> </li> </ol> <ol start="start"> <li> <div align="justify"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Open the object palette </font><a href="http://lh3.ggpht.com/-uMVLGySWmsw/UqVLgbmQAiI/AAAAAAAAFU0/fsnvHW1L1Ok/s1600-h/clip_image007%25255B1%25255D%25255B2%25255D.jpg"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><img title="clip_image007[1]" style="border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; display: inline" border="0" alt="clip_image007[1]" src="http://lh5.ggpht.com/-qY3EgxocL_A/UqVLhI2LkdI/AAAAAAAAFU8/lsJbVM_YZAA/clip_image007%25255B1%25255D_thumb.jpg?imgmax=800" width="29" height="30" /></font></a><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"> and make sure that the <b>internet_toolbox</b> item is selected from the pull-down menu. </font></div> </li> </ol> <ol start="start"> <li> <div align="justify"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Add the following items to the subnet workspace: one <b>ethernet_server</b>, one <b>ethernet4_slip8_gtwy </b>router, and connect them with a bidirectional<b> 100_BaseT </b>link ⇒ <b>Close</b> the palette ⇒ Rename the objects as shown. </font></div> </li> </ol> <p align="justify"><a href="http://lh5.ggpht.com/-bIiuOfrCQUA/UqVLh8F4fpI/AAAAAAAAFVE/5wnlEUvkRC8/s1600-h/clip_image015%25255B3%25255D.jpg"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="http://lh5.ggpht.com/-bIiuOfrCQUA/UqVLh8F4fpI/AAAAAAAAFVM/5VYqF9evqow/s1600-h/clip_image015%25255B4%25255D.jpg"><img title="clip_image015" style="border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; display: inline" border="0" alt="clip_image015" src="http://lh5.ggpht.com/-rqtk0tSfOcs/UqVLjOL7jvI/AAAAAAAAFVU/CVyB32hKAXw/clip_image015_thumb%25255B1%25255D.jpg?imgmax=800" width="583" height="149" /></a></font></a></p> <ol start="start"> <li> <div align="justify"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Right-click on the <b>Server_West</b> node ⇒ <b>Edit Attributes</b>: </font></div> </li> </ol> <p align="justify"><font size="4"><font face="Times New Roman">i. Edit <b>Application: Supported Services</b> ⇒ Set <b>rows</b> to 1 ⇒ Set <b>Name</b> to <b>FTP_Application </b>⇒<b> </b>Click<b> OK</b>.<b> </b></font></font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">ii. Edit the value of the <b>Server Address</b> attribute and write down <b>Server_West</b>. </font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">iii. Expand the <b>TCP Parameters</b> hierarchy ⇒ Set both <b>Fast Retransmit</b> and </font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4"><font face="Times New Roman"><b>Fast Recovery </b>to<b> Disabled</b>.<b> </b></font></font></p> <ol start="start"> <li> <div align="justify"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Click <b>OK</b> and then save your project. </font></div> </li> </ol> <p align="justify"><font size="4"><font face="Times New Roman">Now, you have completed the configuration of the <b>West</b> subnet. To go back to the top level of the project, click the <b>Go to next higher level </b></font></font><a href="http://lh6.ggpht.com/-W3qkPMbNm5k/UqVLj79pEGI/AAAAAAAAFVc/mU0U_vfADqI/s1600-h/clip_image017%25255B3%25255D.jpg"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><img title="clip_image017" style="border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; display: inline" border="0" alt="clip_image017" src="http://lh5.ggpht.com/-WaojtQs1WXo/UqVLknOlBII/AAAAAAAAFVk/2N3KeKU_Dy0/clip_image017_thumb.jpg?imgmax=800" width="31" height="31" /></font></a><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"> button.</font></p> <p align="justify"><i><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Configure the East Subnet:</font></i></p> <ol> <li> <div align="justify"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Double-click on the <b>East</b> subnet node. You get an empty workspace, indicating that the subnet contains no objects. </font></div> </li> </ol> <ol start="start"> <li> <div align="justify"><font size="4"><font face="Times New Roman"><b>Open </b>the object palette <b></b></font></font><a href="http://lh3.ggpht.com/-23YM3sYoSmg/UqVLlbEMZ6I/AAAAAAAAFVs/Kk4jSmn9qGM/s1600-h/clip_image018%25255B4%25255D.jpg"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><img title="clip_image018" style="border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; display: inline" border="0" alt="clip_image018" src="http://lh3.ggpht.com/-GdmWqGVEvzg/UqVLmKnx8FI/AAAAAAAAFV0/4ix9EB9kyOE/clip_image018_thumb.jpg?imgmax=800" width="29" height="30" /></font></a><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"> and make sure that the <b>internet_toolbox</b> item is selected from the pull-down menu. </font></div> </li> </ol> <ol start="start"> <li> <div align="justify"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Add the following items to the subnet workspace: one <b>ethernet_wkstn</b>, one <b>ethernet4_slip8_gtwy </b>router, and connect them with a bidirectional<b> 100_BaseT </b>link ⇒ <b>Close</b> the palette ⇒ Rename the objects as shown. </font></div> </li> </ol> <p align="justify"><a href="http://lh3.ggpht.com/-EJmUnM5uyBo/UqVLml2v5aI/AAAAAAAAFV8/8l5H5lqVMoc/s1600-h/clip_image020%25255B3%25255D.jpg"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="http://lh3.ggpht.com/-EJmUnM5uyBo/UqVLml2v5aI/AAAAAAAAFWE/Tuq4oEo37R8/s1600-h/clip_image020%25255B4%25255D.jpg"><img title="clip_image020" style="border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; display: inline" border="0" alt="clip_image020" src="http://lh5.ggpht.com/-TwvNEfoXX5M/UqVLoKJHbrI/AAAAAAAAFWM/f018rU-1S8E/clip_image020_thumb%25255B1%25255D.jpg?imgmax=800" width="583" height="199" /></a></font></a></p> <p align="justify"><b><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"></font></b></p> <p align="justify"><a name="page6"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"></font></a></p> <ol start="start"> <li> <div align="justify"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Right-click on the <b>Client_East</b> node ⇒ <b>Edit Attributes</b>: </font></div> </li> </ol> <p align="justify"><font size="4"><font face="Times New Roman">i. Expand the <b>Application: Supported Profiles</b> hierarchy ⇒ Set <b>rows</b> to 1 ⇒ Expand the <b>row 0</b> hierarchy ⇒ Set <b>Profile Name</b> to <b>FTP_Profile.</b></font></font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">ii. Assign <b>Client_ East</b> to the <b>Client Address</b> attributes. </font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">iii. Edit the <b>Application: Destination Preferences</b> attribute as follows: </font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Set <b>rows</b> to 1 ⇒ Set <b>Symbolic Name</b> to <b>FTP Server</b> ⇒ Edit <b>Actual Name</b> ⇒</font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Set <b>rows</b> to 1 ⇒ In the new row, assign <b>Server_West</b> to the <b>Name</b> column.</font></p> <ol start="start"> <li> <div align="justify"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Click <b>OK</b> three times and then save your project. </font></div> </li> </ol> <ol start="start"> <li> <div align="justify"><font size="4"><font face="Times New Roman">You have now completed the configuration of the <b>East</b> subnet. To go back to the project space, click the <b>Go to next higher level </b></font></font><a href="http://lh3.ggpht.com/-6W4l_HVUmzY/UqVLothXmsI/AAAAAAAAFWU/k-6Nny3anCg/s1600-h/clip_image021%25255B4%25255D.jpg"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><img title="clip_image021" style="border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; display: inline" border="0" alt="clip_image021" src="http://lh3.ggpht.com/-QdwV39C3KqE/UqVLpuq7kTI/AAAAAAAAFWc/jREGgtiYB_0/clip_image021_thumb.jpg?imgmax=800" width="31" height="31" /></font></a><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"> button. </font></div> </li> </ol> <p align="justify"><i><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Connect the Subnets to the IP Cloud:</font></i></p> <ol> <li> <div align="justify"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Open the object palette </font><a href="http://lh4.ggpht.com/-0LDi7hxK5Bw/UqVLqKDWYjI/AAAAAAAAFWk/ZxOMd89YLNY/s1600-h/clip_image018%25255B1%25255D%25255B2%25255D.jpg"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><img title="clip_image018[1]" style="border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; display: inline" border="0" alt="clip_image018[1]" src="http://lh5.ggpht.com/-EmHcWPaWKDU/UqVLq2JMM3I/AAAAAAAAFWs/scrKbcqdyRA/clip_image018%25255B1%25255D_thumb.jpg?imgmax=800" width="29" height="30" /></font></a><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">. </font></div> </li> </ol> <ol start="start"> <li> <div align="justify"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Using two <b>PPP_DS3</b> bidirectional links connect the <b>East</b> subnet to the <b>IP Cloud</b> and the <b>West</b> subnet to the <b>IP Cloud</b>. </font></div> </li> </ol> <ol start="start"> <li> <div align="justify"><font size="4"><font face="Times New Roman">A pop-up dialog box will appear asking you what to connect the subnet to the <b>IP</b> <b>Cloud </b>with. Make sure to select the “routers.”<b> </b></font></font></div> </li> </ol> <ol start="start"> <li> <div align="justify"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Close the palette. </font></div> </li> </ol> <p align="justify"><a href="http://lh3.ggpht.com/-ISThg4haGOk/UqVLrm9fC2I/AAAAAAAAFW0/HxXWClcYLzI/s1600-h/clip_image023%25255B3%25255D.jpg"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="http://lh3.ggpht.com/-ISThg4haGOk/UqVLrm9fC2I/AAAAAAAAFW8/DuKTf97g774/s1600-h/clip_image023%25255B4%25255D.jpg"><img title="clip_image023" style="border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; display: inline" border="0" alt="clip_image023" src="http://lh4.ggpht.com/-0BDiCs1zJd0/UqVLtJWuwaI/AAAAAAAAFXE/16otCu1mK7I/clip_image023_thumb%25255B1%25255D.jpg?imgmax=800" width="583" height="262" /></a></font></a></p> <p align="justify"><b><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"></font></b></p> <p align="justify"><a name="page7"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"></font></a></p> <p align="justify"><b><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Choose the Statistics</font></b></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">OPNET provides the following capture modes:</font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4"><font face="Times New Roman"><b>All values</b>—collects<b> </b>every data point from a statistic.</font></font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4"><font face="Times New Roman"><b>Sample</b>—collects the<b> </b>data according to a user-specified time interval or sample count. For example, if the time interval is 10, data is sampled and recorded every 10th second. If the sample count is 10, every 10th data point is recorded. All other data points are discarded.</font></font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4"><font face="Times New Roman"><b>Bucket</b>—collects all of<b> </b>the points over the time interval or sample count into a “data bucket” and generates a result from each bucket. This is the default mode.</font></font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4"><font face="Times New Roman">1. Right-click on <b>Server_West</b> in the <b>West</b> subnet and select <b>Choose Individual</b> <b>Statistics </b>from the pop-up menu.<b> </b></font></font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">2. In the <i>Choose Results</i> dialog box, choose the following statistic: </font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4"><font face="Times New Roman"><b>TCP Connection </b>⇒<b> Congestion Window Size (bytes) </b>and<b> Sent Segment Sequence Number</b>.<b> </b></font></font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">3. Right-click on the <b>Congestion Window Size (bytes)</b> statistic ⇒ Choose <b>Change</b> <b>Collection Mode </b>⇒<b> </b>In the dialog box check<b> Advanced </b>⇒<b> </b>From the drop-down<b> </b>menu, assign <b>all values</b> to <b>Capture mode</b> as shown ⇒ Click <b>OK</b>. </font></p> <p align="justify"><a href="http://lh3.ggpht.com/-kZHjeOCTRyg/UqVLtzZe3rI/AAAAAAAAFXM/XAYIXOV6Co8/s1600-h/clip_image025%25255B3%25255D.jpg"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="http://lh3.ggpht.com/-kZHjeOCTRyg/UqVLtzZe3rI/AAAAAAAAFXU/v4LwQZqmlcw/s1600-h/clip_image025%25255B4%25255D.jpg"><img title="clip_image025" style="border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; display: inline" border="0" alt="clip_image025" src="http://lh3.ggpht.com/-4G0J0pQHL9U/UqVLvh6btuI/AAAAAAAAFXc/OgdlRGvsAB4/clip_image025_thumb%25255B1%25255D.jpg?imgmax=800" width="440" height="514" /></a></font></a></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">4. Right-click on the <b>Sent Segment Sequence Number</b> statistic ⇒ Choose </font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4"><font face="Times New Roman"><b>Change Collection Mode </b>⇒<b> </b>In the dialog box check<b> Advanced </b>⇒<b> </b>From the<b> </b>drop-down menu, assign <b>all values</b> to <b>Capture mode</b>. </font></font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">5. Click <b>OK</b> twice and then save your project. </font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4"><font face="Times New Roman">6. Click the <b>Go to next higher level </b></font></font><a href="http://lh6.ggpht.com/-topgeSU2Ea8/UqVLwY93vhI/AAAAAAAAFXk/QbyJtDJ13mY/s1600-h/clip_image021%25255B1%25255D%25255B2%25255D.jpg"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><img title="clip_image021[1]" style="border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; display: inline" border="0" alt="clip_image021[1]" src="http://lh3.ggpht.com/-WxefoGJ2juM/UqVLxGdplwI/AAAAAAAAFXs/aZO1ai0kj48/clip_image021%25255B1%25255D_thumb.jpg?imgmax=800" width="31" height="31" /></font></a><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"> button. </font></p> <p align="justify"><b><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Configure the Simulation</font></b></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Here we need to configure the duration of the simulation:</font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">1. Click on </font><a href="http://lh5.ggpht.com/-MBGENBdJVfU/UqVLxk5lW_I/AAAAAAAAFX0/T3dL6urAa6U/s1600-h/clip_image027%25255B3%25255D.jpg"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><img title="clip_image027" style="border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; display: inline" border="0" alt="clip_image027" src="http://lh6.ggpht.com/-W6MD5RnEKT0/UqVLygDeWeI/AAAAAAAAFX8/fplJkBI30Fk/clip_image027_thumb.jpg?imgmax=800" width="32" height="33" /></font></a><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"> and the <i>Configure Simulation</i> window should appear. </font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">2. Set the duration to be <b>10.0 minutes</b>. </font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4"><font face="Times New Roman">3. Click <b>OK</b> and then save your project<b>.</b></font></font></p> <p align="justify"><b><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"></font></b></p> <p align="justify"><a name="page8"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"></font></a></p> <p align="justify"><b><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Duplicate the Scenario</font></b></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4"><font face="Times New Roman">With <b>fast retransmit,</b></font></font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">TCP performs a retransmission of what appears to be the missing segment, without waiting for a retransmission timer to expire.</font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">After fast retransmit sends what appears to be the missing segment, congestion avoidance but not slow start is performed. This is the <b>fast recovery </b>algorithm.</font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The fast retransmit and fast recovery algorithms are usually implemented together (RFC 2001).</font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">In the network we just created we assumed a perfect network with no discarded packets. Also, we disabled the fast retransmit and fast recovery techniques in TCP. To analyze the effects of discarded packets and those congestion-control techniques, we will create two additional scenarios.</font></p> <ol> <li> <div align="justify"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Select <b>Duplicate Scenario</b> from the <b>Scenarios</b> menu and give it the name </font></div> </li> </ol> <p align="justify"><font size="4"><font face="Times New Roman"><b>Drop_NoFast </b>⇒<b> </b>Click<b> OK</b>.<b> </b></font></font></p> <ol start="start"> <li> <div align="justify"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">In the new scenario, right-click on the <b>IP Cloud</b> ⇒ <b>Edit Attributes</b> ⇒ Assign </font></div> </li> </ol> <p align="justify"><font size="4"><font face="Times New Roman"><b>0.05% </b>to the<b> Packet Discard Ratio </b>attribute.<b> </b></font></font></p> <ol start="start"> <li> <div align="justify"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Click <b>OK</b> and then save your project. </font></div> </li> </ol> <ol start="start"> <li> <div align="justify"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">While you are still in the <b>Drop_NoFast</b> scenario, select <b>Duplicate Scenario</b> from the <b>Scenarios</b> menu and give it the name <b>Drop_Fast</b>. </font></div> </li> </ol> <p align="justify"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"></font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">5. In the <b>Drop_Fast</b> scenario, right-click on <b>Server_ West</b>, which is inside the <b>West</b> subnet ⇒ <b>Edit Attributes</b> ⇒ Expand the <b>TCP Parameters</b> hierarchy ⇒ <b>Enable</b> the <b>Fast Retransmit</b> attribute ⇒ Assign <b>Reno</b> to the <b>Fast Recovery</b> attribute. </font></p> <ol start="start"> <li> <div align="justify"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Click <b>OK</b> and then save your project. </font></div> </li> </ol> <p align="justify"><b><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"></font></b></p> <p align="justify"><b><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Run the Simulation</font></b></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">To run the simulation for the three scenarios simultaneously:</font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">1. Go to the <b>Scenarios</b> menu ⇒ Select <b>Manage Scenarios</b>. </font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">2. Change the values under the <b>Results</b> column to <b><collect></b> (or <b><recollect></b>) for the three scenarios. Compare to the following figure. </font></p> <p align="justify"><a href="http://lh3.ggpht.com/-UmTwmXW-OGI/UqVLzSSMU3I/AAAAAAAAFYE/hJ2kOUY4Yls/s1600-h/clip_image029%25255B3%25255D.jpg"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="http://lh3.ggpht.com/-UmTwmXW-OGI/UqVLzSSMU3I/AAAAAAAAFYM/29lCykoTX1k/s1600-h/clip_image029%25255B4%25255D.jpg"><img title="clip_image029" style="border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; display: inline" border="0" alt="clip_image029" src="http://lh5.ggpht.com/-UWDFaRpNGxE/UqVL02j0jNI/AAAAAAAAFYU/VLcvTDD6xdU/clip_image029_thumb%25255B1%25255D.jpg?imgmax=800" width="583" height="190" /></a></font></a></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"></font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">3. Click <b>OK</b> to run the three simulations. Depending on the speed of your processor, this may take several minutes to complete. </font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">4. After the three simulation runs complete, one for each scenario, click <b>Close</b> ⇒ Save your project. </font></p> <p align="justify"><b><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"></font></b></p> <p align="justify"><a name="page9"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"></font></a></p> <p align="justify"><b><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">View the Results</font></b></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"></font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">To switch to a scenario, choose <b>Switch to</b> <b>Scenario </b>from the</font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4"><font face="Times New Roman"><b>Scenarios </b>menu or just<b> </b>press <b>Ctrl+<scenario</b> <b>number>.</b></font></font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">To view and analyze the results:</font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">1. Switch to the <b>Drop_NoFast</b> scenario (the second one) and choose <b>View Results</b> from the <b>Results</b> menu. </font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">2. Fully expand the <b>Object Statistics</b> hierarchy and select the following two results: </font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4"><font face="Times New Roman"><b>Congestion Window Size (bytes) </b>and<b> Sent Segment Sequence Number</b>.<b> </b></font></font></p> <p align="justify"><a href="http://lh3.ggpht.com/-Vvs2t25OR-8/UqVL198S5sI/AAAAAAAAFYc/iAOTRqmrIZE/s1600-h/clip_image031%25255B3%25255D.jpg"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="http://lh3.ggpht.com/-Vvs2t25OR-8/UqVL198S5sI/AAAAAAAAFYk/wosPYhq-rJM/s1600-h/clip_image031%25255B4%25255D.jpg"><img title="clip_image031" style="border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; display: inline" border="0" alt="clip_image031" src="http://lh3.ggpht.com/-kM4wND8Psbw/UqVL3htXtzI/AAAAAAAAFYs/6dPUKUr0qZA/clip_image031_thumb%25255B1%25255D.jpg?imgmax=800" width="583" height="288" /></a></font></a></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">3. Click <b>Show</b>. The resulting graphs should resemble the ones below.</font></p> <p align="justify"><a href="http://lh5.ggpht.com/-ZyTCT7gDMN0/UqVL4RT2OiI/AAAAAAAAFY0/G-GiG0WC7cE/s1600-h/clip_image033%25255B3%25255D.jpg"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="http://lh5.ggpht.com/-ZyTCT7gDMN0/UqVL4RT2OiI/AAAAAAAAFY8/xvMaDpielr8/s1600-h/clip_image033%25255B4%25255D.jpg"><img title="clip_image033" style="border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; display: inline" border="0" alt="clip_image033" src="http://lh5.ggpht.com/-B5WIJ99yBqY/UqVL6XZ-8CI/AAAAAAAAFZE/AYJgoTPim7E/clip_image033_thumb%25255B1%25255D.jpg?imgmax=800" width="423" height="514" /></a></font></a></p> <p align="justify"><b><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"></font></b></p> <p align="justify"><a name="page10"></a><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">4. To zoom in on the details in the graph, click and drag your mouse to draw a rectangle, as shown above. </font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">5. The graph should be redrawn to resemble the following one: </font></p> <p align="justify"><a href="http://lh3.ggpht.com/-CQrUvY743A8/UqVL7EztZbI/AAAAAAAAFZM/Z4bE7_B-YyA/s1600-h/clip_image035%25255B3%25255D.jpg"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="http://lh3.ggpht.com/-CQrUvY743A8/UqVL7EztZbI/AAAAAAAAFZU/6w5HKmGI1AU/s1600-h/clip_image035%25255B4%25255D.jpg"><img title="clip_image035" style="border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; display: inline" border="0" alt="clip_image035" src="http://lh5.ggpht.com/-75_K46kd_Pc/UqVL9TtmknI/AAAAAAAAFZc/rFPKErIU1KM/clip_image035_thumb%25255B1%25255D.jpg?imgmax=800" width="420" height="514" /></a></font></a></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">6. Notice the <b>Segment Sequence Number</b> is almost flat with every drop in the congestion window. </font></p> <p align="justify"><b><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"></font></b></p> <p align="justify"><a name="page11"></a><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">7. Close the <i>View Results</i> dialog box and select <b>Compare Results</b> from the <b>Result</b> menu. </font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">8. Fully expand the <b>Object Statistics</b> hierarchy as shown and select the following result: <b>Sent Segment Sequence Number</b>. </font></p> <p align="justify"><a href="http://lh5.ggpht.com/-uXvSExkSTOM/UqVL-WS-EaI/AAAAAAAAFZk/efbOEmlIUdU/s1600-h/clip_image037%25255B3%25255D.jpg"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="http://lh5.ggpht.com/-uXvSExkSTOM/UqVL-WS-EaI/AAAAAAAAFZs/cWPO8viEwCg/s1600-h/clip_image037%25255B4%25255D.jpg"><img title="clip_image037" style="border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; display: inline" border="0" alt="clip_image037" src="http://lh5.ggpht.com/-DveglvCQcPw/UqVMAUs-2dI/AAAAAAAAFZ0/B75QD5P7brk/clip_image037_thumb%25255B1%25255D.jpg?imgmax=800" width="583" height="278" /></a></font></a></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">9. Click <b>Show</b>. After zooming in, the resulting graph should resemble the one below.</font></p> <p align="justify"><a href="http://lh6.ggpht.com/-Z97JUTLU8Ag/UqVMBHZowiI/AAAAAAAAFZ8/PZkXIzzUXKA/s1600-h/clip_image039%25255B3%25255D.jpg"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="http://lh6.ggpht.com/-Z97JUTLU8Ag/UqVMBHZowiI/AAAAAAAAFaE/2mLELTIshpA/s1600-h/clip_image039%25255B4%25255D.jpg"><img title="clip_image039" style="border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; display: inline" border="0" alt="clip_image039" src="http://lh3.ggpht.com/-CUMZ7mIFR5M/UqVMCyMOAqI/AAAAAAAAFaM/N69atnnxMU4/clip_image039_thumb%25255B1%25255D.jpg?imgmax=800" width="546" height="514" /></a></font></a></p> <p align="justify"><b><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"> </font></b></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"></font></p> Usman Khanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16581732211609745919noreply@blogger.com6tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3132272184153628305.post-16120957487680173372013-12-08T20:34:00.001-08:002013-12-08T20:34:59.851-08:00ATM: A Connection-Oriented, Cell-Switching Technology<p align="justify"><font size="4" face="times">The objective of this lab is to examine the effect of ATM adaptation layers and service classes on the performance of the network.</font></p> <p align="justify"> </p> <p align="justify"><b><font size="4" face="times">Overview</font></b></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4" face="times">Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) is a connection-oriented, packet-switched technology. The packets that are switched in an ATM network are of a fixed length, 53 bytes, and are called <i>cells</i>. The cell size has a particular effect on carrying voice traffic effectively. The ATM Adaptation Layer (AAL) sits between ATM and the variable-length packet protocols that might use ATM, such as IP. The AAL header contains the information needed by the destination to reassemble the individual cells back into the original message. Because ATM was designed to support all sorts of services, including voice, video, and data, it was felt that different services would have different AAL needs. AAL1 and AAL2 were designed to support applications, like voice, that require guaranteed bit rates. AAL3/4 and AAL5 provide support for packet data running over ATM.</font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4" face="times">ATM provides QoS capabilities through its five service classes: CBR, VBR-rt, VBR-nrt, ABR, and UBR. With CBR (constant bit rate), sources transmit stream traffic at a fixed rate. CBR is well-suited for voice traffic that usually requires circuit switching. Therefore, CBR is very important to telephone companies. UBR, unspecified bit rate, is ATM’s best-effort service. There is one small difference between UBR and the best-effort model. Because ATM always requires a signaling phase before data is sent, UBR allows the source to specify a maximum rate at which it will send. Switches may make use of this information to decide whether to admit or reject the new VC (virtual circuit).</font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4" face="times">In this lab you will set up an ATM network that carries three applications: Voice, Email, and FTP. You will study how the choice of the adaptation layer as well as the service classes can affect the performance of the applications.</font></p> <p align="justify"> </p> <a name="page2"></a> <p align="justify"><b><font size="4" face="times">Procedure</font></b></p> <p align="justify"><b><font size="4" face="times">Create a New Project</font></b></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4" face="times">1. Start <b>OPNET IT Guru Academic Edition</b> ⇒ Choose <b>New</b> from the <b>File</b> menu. </font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4" face="times">2. Select <b>Project</b> and click <b>OK</b> ⇒ Name the project <<b>your initials>_ATM</b>, and the scenario <b>CBR_UBR</b> ⇒ Click <b>OK</b>. </font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4" face="times">3. In the <i>Startup Wizard: Initial Topology</i> dialog box, make sure that <b>Create Empty</b> <b>Scenario </b>is selected<b> </b>⇒<b> </b>Click<b> Next </b>⇒<b> </b>Select<b> Choose From Maps </b>from the<b> </b><i>Network Scale </i>list<i> </i>⇒<i> </i>Click<i> </i><b>Next</b><i> </i>⇒<i> </i>Choose<i> </i><b>USA</b><i> </i>from the maps<i> </i>⇒<i> </i>Click<i> </i><b>Next</b><i> </i>⇒<i> </i>From the <i>Select Technologies</i> list, include the <b>atm_advanced</b> Model Family as shown in the following figure⇒ Click <b>Next</b> ⇒ Click <b>OK</b>. </font></p> <p align="justify"><a href="http://lh6.ggpht.com/-T2seOmCT8R8/UqVHnzK5AII/AAAAAAAAFL8/mvWcOz_Y2uA/s1600-h/clip_image004%25255B3%25255D.jpg"><font color="#000000" size="4" face="times"><a href="http://lh6.ggpht.com/-T2seOmCT8R8/UqVHnzK5AII/AAAAAAAAFME/miFOgQkd8C8/s1600-h/clip_image004%25255B4%25255D.jpg"><img title="clip_image004" style="border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; display: inline" border="0" alt="clip_image004" src="http://lh3.ggpht.com/-I-bqoFFJ67g/UqVHpe00EII/AAAAAAAAFMM/rnx26BmDxEk/clip_image004_thumb%25255B1%25255D.jpg?imgmax=800" width="583" height="349" /></a></font></a></p> <p align="justify"><b><font size="4" face="times"></font></b></p> <p align="justify"><b><font size="4" face="times">Create and Configure the Network</font></b></p> <p align="justify"><i><font size="4" face="times">Initialize the Network:</font></i></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4" face="times">1. The <i>Object Palette</i> dialog box should now be on the top of your project workspace. If it is not there, open it by clicking </font><a href="http://lh6.ggpht.com/-GZVxJe9Kmi0/UqVHqMXIjuI/AAAAAAAAFMU/adoDowLzVJg/s1600-h/clip_image006%25255B4%25255D.jpg"><font color="#000000" size="4" face="times"><img title="clip_image006" style="border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; display: inline" border="0" alt="clip_image006" src="http://lh5.ggpht.com/-XwUmTW7KsA0/UqVHq9L0vnI/AAAAAAAAFMc/C_oQokAOJh8/clip_image006_thumb.jpg?imgmax=800" width="29" height="30" /></font></a><font face="times"><font size="4">. Make sure that <b>atm_advanced </b>is selected from the pull-down menu on the object palette.<b> </b></font></font></p> <p align="justify"><font face="times"><font size="4">2. Add to the project work space the following objects from the palette: <b>Application</b> <b>Config</b>,<b> Profile Config</b>, two<b> atm8_crossconn_adv </b>switches, and a<b> subnet</b>.<b> </b></font></font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4" face="times">a. To add an object from a palette, click its icon in the object palette ⇒ Move your mouse to the workspace and click to place the object ⇒ Right-click to get out of “object creation mode.” </font></p> <p align="justify"><font face="times"><font size="4">3. Close the <i>Object Palette</i> dialog box and rename (right-click on the node ⇒ <b>Set</b> <b>Name</b>) the objects you added as shown and then save your project:<b> </b></font></font></p> <p align="justify"><b><font size="4" face="times"></font></b></p> <p align="justify"><a name="page3"><font size="4" face="times"></font></a></p> <p align="justify"><font face="times"><font size="4"><b>PCM </b>stands for Pulse<b> </b>Code Modulation. It is a procedure used to digitize speech before transmitting it over the network.</font></font></p> <p align="justify"><i><font size="4" face="times">Configure the Applications:</font></i></p> <p align="justify"><a href="http://lh3.ggpht.com/-xt5Cy7BB5K8/UqVHrwUGAbI/AAAAAAAAFMk/RIiVhAm8Rvw/s1600-h/clip_image008%25255B3%25255D.jpg"><font color="#000000" size="4" face="times"><a href="http://lh3.ggpht.com/-xt5Cy7BB5K8/UqVHrwUGAbI/AAAAAAAAFMs/m50GM4t8etA/s1600-h/clip_image008%25255B4%25255D.jpg"><img title="clip_image008" style="border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; display: inline" border="0" alt="clip_image008" src="http://lh4.ggpht.com/-dvkDBw1qbkw/UqVHtjycrjI/AAAAAAAAFM0/dXDh5nYs1Yg/clip_image008_thumb%25255B1%25255D.jpg?imgmax=800" width="583" height="259" /></a></font></a></p> <ol> <li> <div align="justify"><font face="times"><font size="4">Right-click on the <b>Applications</b> node ⇒ <b>Edit Attributes</b> ⇒ Expand the <b>Application Definitions </b>attribute and set<b> rows </b>to 3<b> </b>⇒<b> </b>Name the rows:<b> FTP</b>,<b> </b></font></font></div> </li> </ol> <p align="justify"><font face="times"><font size="4"><b>EMAIL</b>, and<b> VOICE</b>.<b> </b></font></font></p> <p align="justify"><font face="times"><font size="4">i. Go to the <b>FTP</b> row ⇒ Expand the <b>Description</b> hierarchy ⇒ Assign <b>High</b> <b>Load </b>to FTP.<b> </b></font></font></p> <p align="justify"><font face="times"><font size="4">ii. Go to the <b>EMAIL</b> row ⇒ Expand the <b>Description</b> hierarchy ⇒ Assign <b>High</b> <b>Load </b>to Email.<b> </b></font></font></p> <p align="justify"><font face="times"><font size="4">iii. Go to the <b>VOICE</b> row ⇒ Expand the <b>Description</b> hierarchy ⇒ Assign <b>PCM</b> <b>Quality Speech </b>to Voice.<b> </b></font></font></p> <p align="justify"><a href="http://lh3.ggpht.com/-CiMLkyRg7Ds/UqVHuffITaI/AAAAAAAAFM8/yt8zX7nRLOE/s1600-h/clip_image010%25255B3%25255D.jpg"><font color="#000000" size="4" face="times"><a href="http://lh3.ggpht.com/-CiMLkyRg7Ds/UqVHuffITaI/AAAAAAAAFNE/mWOJgW68mq8/s1600-h/clip_image010%25255B4%25255D.jpg"><img title="clip_image010" style="border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; display: inline" border="0" alt="clip_image010" src="http://lh4.ggpht.com/-AnvvhDYVjK8/UqVHwox4-RI/AAAAAAAAFNM/TkhRcQXz7Ow/clip_image010_thumb%25255B1%25255D.jpg?imgmax=800" width="465" height="514" /></a></font></a></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4" face="times">2. Click <b>OK</b> and then save your project.</font></p> <p align="justify"><b><font size="4" face="times"></font></b></p> <p align="justify"><a name="page4"></a><i><font size="4" face="times">Configure the Profiles:</font></i></p> <ol> <li> <div align="justify"><font face="times"><font size="4">Right-click on the <b>Profiles</b> node ⇒ <b>Edit Attributes</b> ⇒ Expand the <b>Profile</b> <b>Configuration </b>attribute and set<b> rows </b>to 3.<b> </b></font></font></div> </li> </ol> <p align="justify"><font size="4" face="times">i. Name and set the attributes of row 0 as shown: </font></p> <p align="justify"><a href="http://lh5.ggpht.com/-31U2q03al5I/UqVHxTv-26I/AAAAAAAAFNU/WeR3g0Ge9Ow/s1600-h/clip_image012%25255B3%25255D.jpg"><font color="#000000" size="4" face="times"><a href="http://lh5.ggpht.com/-31U2q03al5I/UqVHxTv-26I/AAAAAAAAFNc/uyrEQRQR7ZA/s1600-h/clip_image012%25255B4%25255D.jpg"><img title="clip_image012" style="border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; display: inline" border="0" alt="clip_image012" src="http://lh5.ggpht.com/-rMRlw2nozvY/UqVHzsK1rPI/AAAAAAAAFNk/dkgPg7p0vcQ/clip_image012_thumb%25255B1%25255D.jpg?imgmax=800" width="487" height="514" /></a></font></a></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4" face="times"></font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4" face="times">ii. Name and set the attributes of row 1 as shown:</font></p> <p align="justify"><a href="http://lh5.ggpht.com/-ywplHC4gy10/UqVH0f6GxpI/AAAAAAAAFNs/mhimLzmSMs4/s1600-h/clip_image014%25255B3%25255D.jpg"><font color="#000000" size="4" face="times"><a href="http://lh5.ggpht.com/-ywplHC4gy10/UqVH0f6GxpI/AAAAAAAAFN0/koo_lAa5XFc/s1600-h/clip_image014%25255B4%25255D.jpg"><img title="clip_image014" style="border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; display: inline" border="0" alt="clip_image014" src="http://lh5.ggpht.com/-Lb9Pp4wOZv4/UqVH2OUTkTI/AAAAAAAAFN8/S6wdHdxUskQ/clip_image014_thumb%25255B1%25255D.jpg?imgmax=800" width="583" height="435" /></a></font></a></p> <p align="justify"><b><font size="4" face="times"></font></b></p> <p align="justify"><a name="page5"></a><font face="times"><font size="4">iii. Name and set the attributes of row 2 as shown. (<i>Note:</i> To set the <b>Duration</b> to <b>exponential(60)</b>, you will need to assign “<b>Not Used</b>” to the “<b>Special Value</b>”)<b> </b></font></font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4" face="times">⇒ Close the <i>Object Palette</i> dialog box. </font></p> <p align="justify"><a href="http://lh5.ggpht.com/-eTprsEcpx6I/UqVH3EczC-I/AAAAAAAAFOE/WLOIQsXRhug/s1600-h/clip_image016%25255B3%25255D.jpg"><font color="#000000" size="4" face="times"><a href="http://lh5.ggpht.com/-eTprsEcpx6I/UqVH3EczC-I/AAAAAAAAFOM/mCkVSxD9I7U/s1600-h/clip_image016%25255B4%25255D.jpg"><img title="clip_image016" style="border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; display: inline" border="0" alt="clip_image016" src="http://lh5.ggpht.com/-_gHbuI39Iso/UqVH5BFvKFI/AAAAAAAAFOU/I8EgHkHt_mQ/clip_image016_thumb%25255B1%25255D.jpg?imgmax=800" width="583" height="499" /></a></font></a></p> <p align="justify"><i><font size="4" face="times">Configure the NorthEast Subnet:</font></i></p> <ol> <li> <div align="justify"><font size="4" face="times">Double-click on the <b>NorthEast</b> subnet node. You get an empty workspace, indicating that the subnet contains no objects. </font></div> </li> </ol> <ol start="start"> <li> <div align="justify"><font size="4" face="times">Open the object palette </font><a href="http://lh4.ggpht.com/-1x-3xHSDQuw/UqVH56CbWOI/AAAAAAAAFOc/jpPdFDOrVzc/s1600-h/clip_image006%25255B1%25255D%25255B2%25255D.jpg"><font color="#000000" size="4" face="times"><img title="clip_image006[1]" style="border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; display: inline" border="0" alt="clip_image006[1]" src="http://lh3.ggpht.com/-btCg9iifoS0/UqVH6mE_EwI/AAAAAAAAFOk/F2vX4boJnt4/clip_image006%25255B1%25255D_thumb.jpg?imgmax=800" width="29" height="30" /></font></a><font size="4" face="times"> and make sure that <b>atm_advanced</b> is selected from the pull-down menu on the object palette.. </font></div> </li> </ol> <ol start="start"> <li> <div align="justify"><font size="4" face="times">Add the following items to the subnet workspace: one <b>atm8_crossconn_adv</b> switch, one <b>atm_uni_server_adv</b>, four <b>atm_uni_client_adv</b>, and connect them with bidirectional <b>atm_adv</b> links ⇒ Close the palette ⇒ Rename the objects as shown. </font></div> </li> </ol> <p align="justify"><a href="http://lh4.ggpht.com/-UQGzhOIQySA/UqVH7aIhn0I/AAAAAAAAFOs/saEvZaIexdI/s1600-h/clip_image018%25255B3%25255D.jpg"><font color="#000000" size="4" face="times"><a href="http://lh4.ggpht.com/-UQGzhOIQySA/UqVH7aIhn0I/AAAAAAAAFO0/sUOfLpZdm-c/s1600-h/clip_image018%25255B4%25255D.jpg"><img title="clip_image018" style="border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; display: inline" border="0" alt="clip_image018" src="http://lh4.ggpht.com/-oRyLnLngnvM/UqVH878H30I/AAAAAAAAFO8/9Rdznnp2goI/clip_image018_thumb%25255B1%25255D.jpg?imgmax=800" width="583" height="457" /></a></font></a></p> <p align="justify"><b><font size="4" face="times"></font></b></p> <p align="justify"><a name="page6"><font size="4" face="times"></font></a></p> <p align="justify"><font face="times"><font size="4"><i>Hint: </i>To edit the<i> </i>attributes of multiple nodes in a single operation, select all nodes simultaneously using shift and left-click; then <b>Edit Attributes</b> of one of the nodes, and select <b>Apply Changes</b> <b>to Selected Objects</b>.</font></font></p> <p align="justify"><font face="times"><font size="4"><b>Client Address </b>is the<b> </b>Transport Adaptation Layer (TPAL) address of the node. This value must be unique for each node.</font></font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4" face="times">The <b>TPAL</b> model suite presents a basic, uniform interface between applications and transport layer models. All interactions with a remote application through TPAL are organized into sessions. A session is a single conversation between two applications through a transport protocol.</font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4" face="times">The <b>queue</b> <b>configuration </b>specifies<b> </b>a one-to-one mapping between output port queues and the QoS that they support. A specific queue may be configured to support a specific QoS.</font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4" face="times">4. Change the <b>data rate</b> attribute for all links to <b>DS1</b>. </font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4" face="times">5. For both <b>NE_Voice1</b> and <b>NE_Voice2</b>, set the following attributes: </font></p> <p align="justify"><font face="times"><font size="4">i. Set <b>ATM Application Parameters</b> to <b>CBR only.</b></font></font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4" face="times">ii. Expand the <b>ATM Parameters</b> hierarchy ⇒ Set <b>Queue Configuration</b> to </font></p> <p align="justify"><b><font size="4" face="times">CBR only. </font></b></p> <p align="justify"><font face="times"><font size="4">iii. Expand the <b>Application: Supported Profiles</b> hierarchy ⇒ Set <b>rows</b> to 1 ⇒ Expand the <b>row 0</b> hierarchy ⇒ Set <b>Profile Name</b> to <b>VOICE_P.</b></font></font></p> <p align="justify"><font face="times"><font size="4">iv. <b>Application: Supported Services </b>⇒<b> </b>Edit its value<b> </b>⇒<b> </b>Set<b> rows </b>to<b> 1 </b>⇒<b> </b>Set<b> </b></font></font></p> <p align="justify"><font face="times"><font size="4"><b>Name </b>of the added row to<b> VOICE </b>⇒<b> </b>Click<b> OK</b>.<b> </b></font></font></p> <p align="justify"><font face="times"><font size="4">v. Expand the <b>Application: Transport Protocol</b> hierarchy ⇒ <b>Voice Transport</b> = <b>AAL2.</b></font></font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4" face="times">6. For <b>NE_Voice1</b>, select <b>Edit Attributes</b> ⇒ Edit the value of the <b>Client Address</b> attribute and write down <b>NE_Voice1</b>. </font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4" face="times">7. For <b>NE_Voice2</b>, select <b>Edit Attributes</b> ⇒ Edit the value of the <b>Client Address</b> attribute and write down <b>NE_Voice2</b>. </font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4" face="times">8. Configure the <b>NE_DataServer</b> as follows: </font></p> <p align="justify"><font face="times"><font size="4">i. <b>Application: Supported Services </b>⇒<b> Edit </b>its value<b> </b>⇒<b> </b>Set<b> rows </b>to 2<b> </b>⇒<b> </b>Set<b> </b></font></font></p> <p align="justify"><font face="times"><font size="4"><b>Name </b>of the added rows to<b>: EMAIL </b>and<b> FTP </b>⇒<b> </b>Click<b> OK. </b></font></font></p> <p align="justify"><font face="times"><font size="4">ii. Expand the <b>Application: Transport Protocol Specification</b> hierarchy ⇒ <b>Voice Transport </b>=<b> AAL2. </b></font></font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4" face="times">iii. Edit the value of the <b>Server Address</b> attribute and write down </font></p> <p align="justify"><font face="times"><font size="4"><b>NE_DataServer</b>.<b> </b></font></font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4" face="times">9. For both <b>NE_Data1</b> and <b>NE_Data2</b>, set the following attributes: </font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4" face="times">i. Expand the <b>ATM Parameters</b> hierarchy ⇒ Set <b>Queue Configuration</b> to </font></p> <p align="justify"><b><font size="4" face="times">UBR. </font></b></p> <p align="justify"><font face="times"><font size="4">ii. Expand the <b>Application: Supported Profiles</b> hierarchy ⇒ Set <b>rows</b> to 2 ⇒ Set <b>Profile Name</b> to <b>FTP_P</b> (for <b>row 0</b>) and to <b>EMAIL_P</b> (for <b>row 1</b>)<b>.</b></font></font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4" face="times">10. For <b>NE_Data1</b>, select <b>Edit Attributes</b> ⇒ Edit the value of the <b>Client Address</b> attribute and write down <b>NE_Data1</b>. </font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4" face="times">11. For <b>NE_Data2</b>, select <b>Edit Attributes</b> ⇒ Edit the value of the <b>Client Address</b> attribute and write down <b>NE_Data2</b>. </font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4" face="times">12. Save your project. </font></p> <p align="justify"><b><font size="4" face="times"></font></b></p> <p align="justify"><a name="page7"></a><i><font size="4" face="times">Add Remaining Subnets:</font></i></p> <ol> <li> <div align="justify"><font face="times"><font size="4">Now you completed the configuration of the <i>NorthEast</i> subnet. To go back to the project space, click the <b>Go to the higher level </b></font></font><a href="http://lh4.ggpht.com/-dQD8kDWSd48/UqVH9uoomUI/AAAAAAAAFPE/ufRBoXDgQGU/s1600-h/clip_image020%25255B3%25255D.jpg"><font color="#000000" size="4" face="times"><img title="clip_image020" style="border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; display: inline" border="0" alt="clip_image020" src="http://lh4.ggpht.com/-sqU9EYQnW6E/UqVH-V8B9pI/AAAAAAAAFPM/7qbK0a9tNL4/clip_image020_thumb.jpg?imgmax=800" width="31" height="31" /></font></a><font size="4" face="times"> button. </font></div> </li> </ol> <p align="justify"><font size="4" face="times">The subnets of the other regions should be similar to the <i>NorthEast</i> one except for the names and client addresses.</font></p> <ol start="start"> <li> <div align="justify"><font size="4" face="times">Make three copies of the subnet we just created. </font></div> </li> </ol> <ol start="start"> <li> <div align="justify"><font size="4" face="times">Rename (right-click on the node ⇒ <b>Set Name</b>) the subnets and connect them to the switches with bidirectional <b>atm_adv</b> links as shown. (<i>Note:</i> You will be asked to pick the node inside the subnet to be connected to the link. Make sure to choose the “switch” inside each subnet to be connected.) </font></div> </li> </ol> <p align="justify"><a href="http://lh6.ggpht.com/-XizGsulovTI/UqVH_AooJTI/AAAAAAAAFPU/RSi1V9JWjOA/s1600-h/clip_image022%25255B3%25255D.jpg"><font color="#000000" size="4" face="times"><a href="http://lh6.ggpht.com/-XizGsulovTI/UqVH_AooJTI/AAAAAAAAFPc/EJjQ0piZ5TY/s1600-h/clip_image022%25255B4%25255D.jpg"><img title="clip_image022" style="border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; display: inline" border="0" alt="clip_image022" src="http://lh4.ggpht.com/-5pmGi_eccv0/UqVIAs98oUI/AAAAAAAAFPk/Vi9xU6s_QV0/clip_image022_thumb%25255B1%25255D.jpg?imgmax=800" width="583" height="259" /></a></font></a></p> <ol start="start"> <li> <div align="justify"><font size="4" face="times">Change the <b>data rate</b> for all links to <b>DS1</b>. </font></div> </li> </ol> <p align="justify"><font size="4" face="times">5. Select and double-click <i>each</i> of the new subnets (total four subnets) and change the <b>names</b>, <b>client address</b>, and <b>server address</b> of the nodes inside these subnets as appropriate (e.g., replace NE with SW for the <i>SouthWest</i> subnet). </font></p> <p align="justify"><b><font size="4" face="times"></font></b></p> <p align="justify"><a name="page8"><font size="4" face="times"></font></a></p> <p align="justify"><font face="times"><font size="4"><i>Hint: </i>To do step 6, you<i> </i>can right-click on any <b>voice </b>station and choose</font></font></p> <p align="justify"><font face="times"><font size="4"><b>Edit Similar Nodes</b>.<b> </b>This brings up a table in which each node occupies one row and attributes are shown in the columns.</font></font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4" face="times">Follow the same procedure with similar steps in this lab.</font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4" face="times">6. For all <b>voice</b> stations in all subnets (total of eight stations), edit the value of the </font></p> <p align="justify"><font face="times"><font size="4"><b>Application: Destination Preferences </b>attribute as follows:<b> </b></font></font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4" face="times">i. Set <b>rows</b> to 1 ⇒ Set <b>Symbolic Name</b> to <b>Voice Destination</b> ⇒ Click on <b>(…)</b> under the <b>Actual Name</b> column ⇒ Set <b>rows</b> to 6 ⇒ For each row choose a voice station that is not in the current subnet. The following figure shows the actual names for one of the voice stations in the <i>NorthEast</i> subnet: </font></p> <p align="justify"><a href="http://lh3.ggpht.com/-1gmnoEJyWtM/UqVIBdIARNI/AAAAAAAAFPs/Ak7jYwySAGM/s1600-h/clip_image024%25255B3%25255D.jpg"><font color="#000000" size="4" face="times"><a href="http://lh3.ggpht.com/-1gmnoEJyWtM/UqVIBdIARNI/AAAAAAAAFP0/ogruP-qbIkc/s1600-h/clip_image024%25255B4%25255D.jpg"><img title="clip_image024" style="border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; display: inline" border="0" alt="clip_image024" src="http://lh6.ggpht.com/-2awsjCcTkP0/UqVIC6uNkiI/AAAAAAAAFP8/mZ2h34d4mFU/clip_image024_thumb%25255B1%25255D.jpg?imgmax=800" width="583" height="343" /></a></font></a></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4" face="times">7. For all <b>data</b> stations in all subnets (total of eight stations), configure the </font></p> <p align="justify"><font face="times"><font size="4"><b>Application: Destination Preferences </b>attribute as follows:<b> </b></font></font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4" face="times">i. Set <b>rows</b> to 2 ⇒ Set <b>Symbolic Name</b> to <b>FTP Server</b> for the one row and <b>Email Server </b>for the other row<b> </b>⇒<b> </b>For each symbolic name (i.e., FTP Server<b> </b>and Email Server), click on <b>(…)</b> under the <b>Actual Name</b> column ⇒ Set <b>rows</b> to 3 ⇒ For each row choose a data server that is not in the current subnet. The following figure shows the actual names for one of the data stations in the <i>NorthEast</i> subnet: </font></p> <p align="justify"><a href="http://lh5.ggpht.com/-_0yJXaC3X7Q/UqVIDj5dVyI/AAAAAAAAFQE/ZNvp9C-fTgY/s1600-h/clip_image026%25255B3%25255D.jpg"><font color="#000000" size="4" face="times"><a href="http://lh5.ggpht.com/-_0yJXaC3X7Q/UqVIDj5dVyI/AAAAAAAAFQM/p9Igy2wD_Ns/s1600-h/clip_image026%25255B4%25255D.jpg"><img title="clip_image026" style="border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; display: inline" border="0" alt="clip_image026" src="http://lh3.ggpht.com/-zZEOgzBQnpY/UqVIFWmkLII/AAAAAAAAFQU/b7NBMToHN58/clip_image026_thumb%25255B1%25255D.jpg?imgmax=800" width="583" height="343" /></a></font></a></p> <p align="justify"><b><font size="4" face="times"></font></b></p> <p align="justify"><a name="page9"><font size="4" face="times"></font></a></p> <p align="justify"><font face="times"><font size="4"><i>Hint: </i>To do step 8 in a<i> </i>single operation, you can use the right-click menu on any switch to <b>Select</b> <b>Similar Nodes</b>; then<b> Edit Attributes</b>, and<b> </b>check <b>Apply Changes</b> <b>to Selected Objects</b>.<b> </b>This feature does work, even across objects in different subnets.</font></font></p> <p align="justify"><font face="times"><font size="4"><b>Max_Avail_BW </b>is the<b> </b>maximum bandwidth allocated to this queue. Calls will be admitted into this queue only if they are within the maximum available bandwidth requirement.</font></font></p> <p align="justify"><font face="times"><font size="4">8. For all <b>switches</b> in the network (total of six switches), configure the <b>Max_Avail_BW </b>of the CBR queue to be 100%, as shown below, and the<b> </b></font></font></p> <p align="justify"><font face="times"><font size="4"><b>Min_Guaran_BW </b>to be 20%.<b> </b></font></font></p> <p align="justify"><a href="http://lh5.ggpht.com/--grD_7l21TI/UqVIGFL_kmI/AAAAAAAAFQc/TvevsfsEpTs/s1600-h/clip_image028%25255B3%25255D.jpg"><font color="#000000" size="4" face="times"><a href="http://lh5.ggpht.com/--grD_7l21TI/UqVIGFL_kmI/AAAAAAAAFQk/P8LSt6hG9dw/s1600-h/clip_image028%25255B4%25255D.jpg"><img title="clip_image028" style="border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; display: inline" border="0" alt="clip_image028" src="http://lh5.ggpht.com/-LPXMH5Gpxu4/UqVIILqPTxI/AAAAAAAAFQs/EWIMglldU4A/clip_image028_thumb%25255B1%25255D.jpg?imgmax=800" width="583" height="372" /></a></font></a></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4" face="times">9. Save your project.</font></p> <p align="justify"><b><font size="4" face="times"></font></b></p> <p align="justify"><a name="page10"><font size="4" face="times"></font></a></p> <p align="justify"><b><font size="4" face="times">Choose the Statistics</font></b></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4" face="times">To test the performance of the applications defined in the network, we will collect one of the many available statistics as follows:</font></p> <p align="justify"><font face="times"><font size="4">1. Right-click anywhere in the project workspace and select <b>Choose Individual</b> <b>Statistics </b>from the pop-up menu.<b> </b></font></font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4" face="times">2. In the <i>Choose Results</i> dialog box, choose the following statistics: </font></p> <p align="justify"><a href="http://lh3.ggpht.com/-8_ehEW-mSSQ/UqVIJPEJDtI/AAAAAAAAFQ0/sbgdyKYx6g0/s1600-h/clip_image030%25255B3%25255D.jpg"><font color="#000000" size="4" face="times"><a href="http://lh3.ggpht.com/-8_ehEW-mSSQ/UqVIJPEJDtI/AAAAAAAAFQ8/xJrNmVM27Zg/s1600-h/clip_image030%25255B4%25255D.jpg"><img title="clip_image030" style="border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; display: inline" border="0" alt="clip_image030" src="http://lh3.ggpht.com/-uftIn396SHE/UqVILA3xLqI/AAAAAAAAFRE/MUT9ywLRL-c/clip_image030_thumb%25255B1%25255D.jpg?imgmax=800" width="329" height="514" /></a></font></a></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4" face="times">3. Click <b>OK</b>.</font></p> <p align="justify"><b><font size="4" face="times"></font></b></p> <p align="justify"><a name="page11"><font size="4" face="times"></font></a></p> <p align="justify"><b><font size="4" face="times">Configure the Simulation</font></b></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4" face="times">Here we need to configure the duration of the simulation:</font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4" face="times">1. Click on the <b>Configure/Run Simulation</b> button: </font><a href="http://lh6.ggpht.com/-Kjn_YZJX_UQ/UqVILyaVHTI/AAAAAAAAFRM/jPVkYL-9nUQ/s1600-h/clip_image032%25255B3%25255D.jpg"><font color="#000000" size="4" face="times"><img title="clip_image032" style="border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; display: inline" border="0" alt="clip_image032" src="http://lh6.ggpht.com/--mXYbd5ZuoM/UqVIMqki27I/AAAAAAAAFRU/0ADqKuKI6Os/clip_image032_thumb.jpg?imgmax=800" width="31" height="33" /></font></a><font size="4" face="times">. </font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4" face="times">2. Set the duration to be <b>10.0 minutes</b>. </font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4" face="times">3. Click <b>OK</b>. We will be running the simulation later. </font></p> <p align="justify"><b><font size="4" face="times">Duplicate the Scenario</font></b></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4" face="times">In the network we just created, we used the CBR service class for the Voice application and the UBR service class for the FTP and Email applications. To analyze the effect of such different classes of services, we will create another scenario that is similar to the CBR_UBR scenario we just created but it uses only one class of service, UBR, for all applications. In addition, to test the effect of the ATM adaptation layer, in the new scenario we will use AAL5 for the Voice application rather than AAL2.</font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4" face="times">1. Select <b>Duplicate Scenario</b> from the <b>Scenarios</b> menu and give it the name </font></p> <p align="justify"><font face="times"><font size="4"><b>UBR_UBR </b>⇒<b> </b>Click<b> OK</b>.<b> </b></font></font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4" face="times">2. For all voice stations in all subnets, reconfigure them as follows. (Check the note below for a faster way to carry out this step.) </font></p> <p align="justify"><font face="times"><font size="4">i. Set <b>ATM Application Parameters</b> to <b>UBR only.</b></font></font></p> <p align="justify"><font face="times"><font size="4">ii. <b>ATM Parameters </b>⇒<b> </b>Set<b> Queue Configuration </b>to<b> UBR. </b></font></font></p> <p align="justify"><font face="times"><font size="4">iii. <b>Application: Transport Protocol </b>⇒<b> </b>Set<b> Voice Transport </b>to<b> AAL5. </b></font></font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4" face="times">3. Save your project. </font></p> <p align="justify"><font face="times"><font size="4"><i>Note: </i>One easy way to carry out step 2 above is through the network browser as<i> </i>follows:</font></font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4" face="times">- Select <b>Show Network Browser</b> from the <b>View</b> menu. </font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4" face="times">- Select <b>Nodes</b> from the drop-down menu, and check the <b>Only Selected</b> check box as shown in the following figure. </font></p> <p align="justify"><font face="times"><font size="4">- Write <b>voice</b> in the find field and click <b>Enter.</b></font></font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4" face="times">- In the network browser you should see a list of all voice stations selected. </font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4" face="times">- Right-click on any of the voice stations in the list, select <b>Edit Attributes</b>, and check <b>Apply Changes to Selected Objects</b>. </font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4" face="times">- Carry out the configuration changes in step 2 above. </font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4" face="times">- To hide the network browser, deselect <b>Show Network Browser</b> from the <b>View</b> menu. </font></p> <p align="justify"><b><font size="4" face="times"></font></b></p> <p align="justify"><a href="http://lh4.ggpht.com/-VXyErE32xko/UqVIOZRFSgI/AAAAAAAAFRc/MF8tKew4g4A/s1600-h/clip_image034%25255B3%25255D.png"><font color="#000000" size="4" face="times"><a href="http://lh4.ggpht.com/-VXyErE32xko/UqVIOZRFSgI/AAAAAAAAFRk/f3pOMawqwF4/s1600-h/clip_image034%25255B4%25255D.png"><img title="clip_image034" style="border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; display: inline" border="0" alt="clip_image034" src="http://lh5.ggpht.com/-2Rx2FdaMm8w/UqVIUbVSSWI/AAAAAAAAFRs/vr5xkehXxPA/clip_image034_thumb%25255B1%25255D.png?imgmax=800" width="583" height="394" /></a></font></a></p> <a name="page12"></a> <p align="justify"><b><font size="4" face="times">Run the Simulation</font></b></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4" face="times">To run the simulation for both scenarios simultaneously:</font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4" face="times">1. Go to the <b>Scenarios</b> menu ⇒ Select <b>Manage Scenarios</b>. </font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4" face="times">2. Change the values under the <b>Results</b> column to <b><collect></b> (or <b><recollect></b>) for both scenarios. Compare to the following figure. </font></p> <p align="justify"><a href="http://lh4.ggpht.com/-xQyAJV5gpH8/UqVIVKu6A_I/AAAAAAAAFR0/6kQTvtN99hQ/s1600-h/clip_image036%25255B3%25255D.jpg"><font color="#000000" size="4" face="times"><a href="http://lh4.ggpht.com/-xQyAJV5gpH8/UqVIVKu6A_I/AAAAAAAAFR8/avKsD2iEpQ4/s1600-h/clip_image036%25255B4%25255D.jpg"><img title="clip_image036" style="border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; display: inline" border="0" alt="clip_image036" src="http://lh4.ggpht.com/-990lhnyn84I/UqVIW2sr42I/AAAAAAAAFSE/0bj9KKi9M_c/clip_image036_thumb%25255B1%25255D.jpg?imgmax=800" width="583" height="203" /></a></font></a></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4" face="times">3. Click <b>OK</b> to run the two simulations. Depending on the speed of your processor, this may take several minutes to complete. </font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4" face="times">4. After the two simulation runs complete, one for each scenario, click <b>Close</b>. </font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4" face="times">5. Save your project. </font></p> <p align="justify"><b><font size="4" face="times"></font></b></p> <p align="justify"><a name="page13"><font size="4" face="times"></font></a></p> <p align="justify"><b><font size="4" face="times">View the Results</font></b></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4" face="times"></font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4" face="times">To view and analyze the results:</font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4" face="times">1. Select <b>Compare Results</b> from the <b>Results</b> menu. </font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4" face="times">2. Change the drop-down menu in the right-lower part of the <b>Compare Results</b> dialog box from <b>As Is</b> to <b>time_average</b> as shown. </font></p> <p align="justify"><a href="http://lh5.ggpht.com/-yyp9AhT-r64/UqVIXwzAFLI/AAAAAAAAFSM/vTBQvJErBwA/s1600-h/clip_image038%25255B3%25255D.jpg"><font color="#000000" size="4" face="times"><a href="http://lh5.ggpht.com/-yyp9AhT-r64/UqVIXwzAFLI/AAAAAAAAFSU/cLeb7rl9kR0/s1600-h/clip_image038%25255B4%25255D.jpg"><img title="clip_image038" style="border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; display: inline" border="0" alt="clip_image038" src="http://lh3.ggpht.com/-8vwLvzCoPAg/UqVIZ80-JlI/AAAAAAAAFSc/9jlZY26UHUg/clip_image038_thumb%25255B1%25255D.jpg?imgmax=800" width="583" height="310" /></a></font></a></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4" face="times">3. Select the voice <b>Packet Delay Variation</b> statistic and click <b>Show</b>. The resulting graph should resemble the one below. (<i>Note:</i> Result may vary slightly due to different node placement.) </font></p> <p align="justify"><a href="http://lh4.ggpht.com/-EAq8zOLq_kQ/UqVIaujouqI/AAAAAAAAFSk/gmF1Z38HuxI/s1600-h/clip_image040%25255B3%25255D.jpg"><font color="#000000" size="4" face="times"><a href="http://lh4.ggpht.com/-EAq8zOLq_kQ/UqVIaujouqI/AAAAAAAAFSs/ynVO51d1BXg/s1600-h/clip_image040%25255B4%25255D.jpg"><img title="clip_image040" style="border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; display: inline" border="0" alt="clip_image040" src="http://lh3.ggpht.com/-_ig725oS94k/UqVIcA3Bb9I/AAAAAAAAFS0/FiuBZKeLN-s/clip_image040_thumb%25255B1%25255D.jpg?imgmax=800" width="536" height="514" /></a></font></a></p> <p align="justify"><b><font size="4" face="times"></font></b></p> <p align="justify"> </p> <a name="page14"></a> <div id="scid:0767317B-992E-4b12-91E0-4F059A8CECA8:db71d047-a489-49e4-96e6-97822f80af86" class="wlWriterEditableSmartContent" style="float: none; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-left: 0px; margin: 0px; display: inline; padding-right: 0px">Technorati Tags: <a href="http://technorati.com/tags/atm+on+itguru" rel="tag">atm on itguru</a>,<a href="http://technorati.com/tags/itguru+tutorial+small+network" rel="tag">itguru tutorial small network</a>,<a href="http://technorati.com/tags/opnet+it+guru+tutorial" rel="tag">opnet it guru tutorial</a>,<a href="http://technorati.com/tags/asynchronous+transfer+mode+on+it+guru" rel="tag">asynchronous transfer mode on it guru</a></div> <p align="justify"><font size="4" face="times"></font></p> Usman Khanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16581732211609745919noreply@blogger.com15tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3132272184153628305.post-50528265802543909612013-12-02T14:18:00.001-08:002015-05-07T23:57:57.917-07:00OSPF: Open Shortest Path First<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-family: tim; font-size: medium;">A Routing Protocol Based on the Link-State Algorithm</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: tim; font-size: medium;">Objective</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: tim; font-size: medium;">The objective of this lab is to configure and analyze the performance of the Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) routing protocol.</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: tim; font-size: medium;">Overview</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: tim; font-size: medium;">In Lab 6 we discussed RIP, which is the canonical example of a routing protocol built on the distance-vector algorithm. Each node constructs a vector containing the distances (costs) to all other nodes and distributes that vector to its immediate neighbors. Link-state routing is the second major class of intra-domain routing protocol. The basic idea behind link-state protocols is very simple: Every node knows how to reach its directly connected neighbors, and if we make sure that the totality of this knowledge is disseminated to every node, then every node will have enough knowledge of the network to build a complete map of the network.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: tim; font-size: medium;">Once a given node has a complete map for the topology of the network, it is able to decide the best route to each destination. Calculating those routes is based on a well-known algorithm from graph theory—Dijkstra’s shortest-path algorithm.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: tim; font-size: medium;">OSPF introduces another layer of hierarchy into routing by allowing a domain to be partitioned into areas. This means that a router within a domain does not necessarily need to know how to reach every network within that domain—it may be sufficient for it to know how to get to the right area. Thus, there is a reduction in the amount of information that must be transmitted to and stored in each node. In addition, OSPF allows multiple routes to the same destination to be assigned the same cost and will cause traffic to be distributed evenly over those routers.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: tim; font-size: medium;">In this lab, you will set up a network that utilizes OSPF as its routing protocol. You will analyze the routing tables generated in the routers and will observe how the resulting routes are affected by assigning areas and enabling load balancing.</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: tim; font-size: medium;">Procedure</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: tim; font-size: medium;">Create a New Project</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: tim; font-size: medium;">1. Start <b>OPNET IT Guru Academic Edition</b> ⇒ Choose <b>New</b> from the <b>File</b> menu. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: tim; font-size: medium;">2. Select <b>Project</b> and click <b>OK</b> ⇒ Name the project <<b>your initials>_OSPF</b>, and the scenario <b>No_Areas</b> ⇒ Click <b>OK</b>. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: tim; font-size: medium;">3. In the <i>Startup Wizard: Initial Topology</i> dialog box, make sure that <b>Create Empty</b> <b>Scenario </b>is selected<b> </b>⇒<b> </b>Click<b> Next </b>⇒<b> </b>Select<b> Campus </b>from the<b> </b><i>Network Scale</i><b> </b>list ⇒ Click <b>Next</b> three times ⇒ Click <b>OK</b>. </span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: tim; font-size: medium;">Create and Configure the Network</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: tim; font-size: medium;">The <b>slip8_gtwy</b> node model represents an IP-based gateway supporting up to eight serial line interfaces at a selectable data rate. The RIP or OSPF protocols may be used to automatically and dynamically create the gateway's routing tables and select routes in an adaptive manner.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: tim; font-size: medium;">The <b>PPP_DS3</b> link has a data rate of 44.736 Mbps.</span></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: tim; font-size: medium;">Initialize the Network:</span></i></div>
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<span style="font-family: tim; font-size: medium;">The <i>Object Palette</i> dialog box should now be on top of your project workspace. If it is not there, open it by clicking </span><a href="http://lh4.ggpht.com/-yLs3cIHjUnA/Up0CyMQyLkI/AAAAAAAAFD4/-cNsqT0PvjE/s1600-h/clip_image004%25255B3%25255D.jpg"><span style="color: black; font-family: tim; font-size: medium;"><img alt="clip_image004" border="0" src="http://lh5.ggpht.com/-kxqk7N2LBb0/Up0Czclmo5I/AAAAAAAAFEA/ZNpkzutQYWA/clip_image004_thumb.jpg?imgmax=800" height="30" style="border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; border-right: 0px; border-top: 0px; display: inline;" title="clip_image004" width="29" /></span></a><span style="font-family: tim; font-size: medium;">. Select the <b>routers</b> item from the pull-down menu on the object palette. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: tim; font-size: medium;">a. Add to the project workspace eight routers of type <b>slip8_gtwy</b>. To add an object from a palette, click its icon in the object palette ⇒ Move your mouse to the workspace and click to place the object ⇒ You can keep on left-clicking to create additional objects. Right-click when you are finished placing the last object. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: tim; font-size: medium;">Switch the palette configuration so it contains the <b>internet_toolbox</b>. Use bidirectional <b>PPP_DS3</b> links to connect the routers. Rename the routers as shown below. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: tim; font-size: medium;">Close the <i>Object Palette</i> and then save your project. </span></div>
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<a href="http://lh5.ggpht.com/-CMEuLPO4004/Up0GWYmqeyI/AAAAAAAAFF0/flSsWbO5faU/s1600-h/clip_image006%25255B3%25255D.jpg"><span style="color: black; font-family: tim; font-size: medium;"></span></a><span style="color: black; font-family: tim; font-size: medium;"><a href="http://lh5.ggpht.com/-CMEuLPO4004/Up0GWYmqeyI/AAAAAAAAFF8/zlv_elrfLOA/s1600-h/clip_image006%25255B4%25255D.jpg"><img alt="clip_image006" border="0" src="http://lh3.ggpht.com/-aL9OITEtnQM/Up0DHT9oIKI/AAAAAAAAFEY/J0N5V7NtQEg/clip_image006_thumb%25255B1%25255D.jpg?imgmax=800" height="294" style="border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; border-right: 0px; border-top: 0px; display: inline;" title="clip_image006" width="583" /></a></span></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3132272184153628305" name="page3"></a><i><span style="font-family: tim; font-size: medium;">Configure the Link Costs:</span></i></div>
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<span style="font-family: tim; font-size: medium;">1. We need to assign link costs to match the following graph:</span></div>
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<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-QQLMHPSZNfc/Up0IobfDoMI/AAAAAAAAFLU/jyA4zKkzZko/s1600/Untitled.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" height="127" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-QQLMHPSZNfc/Up0IobfDoMI/AAAAAAAAFLU/jyA4zKkzZko/s400/Untitled.png" width="400" /></a><br />
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<tr> <td width="39"><span style="font-family: tim; font-size: medium;"></span></td> <td valign="bottom" width="36"><br /></td><td valign="bottom" width="55"><br /></td><td valign="bottom" width="59"><br /></td><td valign="bottom" width="53"><br /></td><td valign="bottom" width="33"><br /></td><td valign="bottom"><br /></td><td width="40"><br /></td></tr>
<tr> <td valign="bottom" width="28"><span style="font-family: tim; font-size: medium;"></span></td> <td valign="bottom" width="36"><span style="font-family: tim; font-size: medium;"></span></td> <td valign="bottom" width="29"><span style="font-family: tim; font-size: medium;"></span></td> <td valign="bottom" width="3"><span style="font-family: tim; font-size: medium;"></span></td> <td valign="bottom" width="13"><span style="font-family: tim; font-size: medium;"></span></td> <td valign="bottom" width="29"><span style="font-family: tim; font-size: medium;"></span></td> <td valign="bottom"><span style="font-family: tim; font-size: medium;"></span></td> </tr>
<tr> <td width="28"><span style="font-family: tim; font-size: medium;"></span></td> <td width="11"><span style="font-family: tim; font-size: medium;"></span></td> <td width="17"><span style="font-family: tim; font-size: medium;"></span></td> <td width="19"><span style="font-family: tim; font-size: medium;"></span></td> <td width="29"><span style="font-family: tim; font-size: medium;"></span></td> <td width="25"><span style="font-family: tim; font-size: medium;"></span></td> <td width="11"><span style="font-family: tim; font-size: medium;"></span></td> <td width="43"><span style="font-family: tim; font-size: medium;"></span></td> <td width="5"><span style="font-family: tim; font-size: medium;"></span></td> <td width="24"><span style="font-family: tim; font-size: medium;"></span></td> <td width="25"><span style="font-family: tim; font-size: medium;"></span></td> <td width="3"><span style="font-family: tim; font-size: medium;"></span></td> <td width="1"><span style="font-family: tim; font-size: medium;"></span></td> <td width="12"><span style="font-family: tim; font-size: medium;"></span></td> <td width="21"><span style="font-family: tim; font-size: medium;"></span></td> <td width="8"><span style="font-family: tim; font-size: medium;"></span></td> <td width="32"><span style="font-family: tim; font-size: medium;"></span></td> <td width="40"><span style="font-family: tim; font-size: medium;"></span></td> </tr>
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<span style="font-family: tim; font-size: medium;">2. Like many popular commercial routers, OPNET router models support a parameter called a <i>reference bandwidth</i> to calculate the actual cost, as follows: </span></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: tim; font-size: medium;">Cost = (Reference bandwidth) / (Link bandwidth) </span></i></div>
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<em><span style="font-size: medium;"></span></em></div>
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<span style="font-family: tim; font-size: medium;">where the default value of the <i>reference bandwidth</i> is 1,000,000 Kbps. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: tim; font-size: medium;">3. For example, to assign a cost of 5 to a link, assign a bandwidth of 200,000 Kbps to that link. Note that this is not the actual bandwidth of the link in the sense of transmission speed, but merely a parameter used to configure link costs. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: tim; font-size: medium;">To assign the costs to the links of our network, do the following: </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: tim; font-size: medium;">i. Select all links in your network that correspond to the links with a cost of 5 in the above graph by shift-clicking on them. </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: tim;">ii. Select the <b>Protocols</b> menu ⇒ <b>IP</b> ⇒ <b>Routing</b> ⇒ <b>Configure Interface Metric</b> <b>Information</b>.<b> </b></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: tim;">iii. Assign <b>200000</b> to the <b>Bandwidth (Kbps)</b> field ⇒ Check the <b>Interfaces</b> <b>across selected links </b>radio button, as shown<b> </b>⇒<b> </b>Click<b> OK</b>.<b> </b></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: tim;"><b><br /></b></span></span></div>
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<a href="http://lh3.ggpht.com/-cnIaPRuYNf8/Up0Dq97mAmI/AAAAAAAAFGU/bKRfuEPQWP4/s1600-h/clip_image010%25255B3%25255D.jpg"><span style="color: black; font-family: tim; font-size: medium;"></span></a><span style="color: black; font-family: tim; font-size: medium;"><a href="http://lh3.ggpht.com/-cnIaPRuYNf8/Up0Dq97mAmI/AAAAAAAAFGc/MCYIDWb0pvA/s1600-h/clip_image010%25255B4%25255D.jpg"><img alt="clip_image010" border="0" src="http://lh4.ggpht.com/-H4Zn0XVrztI/Up0DsQqJQxI/AAAAAAAAFFI/K--fnO9AAHI/clip_image010_thumb%25255B1%25255D.jpg?imgmax=800" height="514" style="border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; border-right: 0px; border-top: 0px; display: inline;" title="clip_image010" width="512" /></a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: tim; font-size: medium;">Repeat step 4 for all links with a cost of 10 but assign 100,000 Kbps to the </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: tim;"><b>Bandwidth (Kbps) </b>field.<b> </b></span></span></div>
<ol start="start">
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<span style="font-family: tim; font-size: medium;">Repeat step 4 for all links with a cost of 20 but assign 50,000 Kbps to the </span></div>
</li>
</ol>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: tim;"><b>Bandwidth (Kbps) </b>field.<b> </b></span></span></div>
<ol start="start">
<li> <div align="justify">
<span style="font-family: tim; font-size: medium;">Save your project. </span></div>
</li>
</ol>
<div align="justify">
<b><span style="font-family: tim; font-size: medium;"></span></b></div>
<div align="justify">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3132272184153628305" name="page4"></a><i><span style="font-family: tim; font-size: medium;">Configure the Traffic Demands:</span></i></div>
<ol>
<li> <div align="justify">
<span style="font-family: tim; font-size: medium;">Select both <b>RouterA</b> and <b>RouterC</b> by shift-clicking on them. </span></div>
</li>
</ol>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: tim;">i. Select the <b>Protocols</b> menu ⇒ <b>IP</b> ⇒ <b>Demands</b> ⇒ <b>Create Traffic Demands</b></span></span></div>
<div align="justify">
<strong><span style="font-size: medium;"></span></strong></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-family: tim; font-size: medium;">⇒ Check the <b>From RouterA</b> radio button as shown ⇒ Keep the color as blue ⇒ Click <b>Create</b>. Now you should see a blue-dotted line representing the traffic demand between <b>RouterA</b> and <b>RouterC</b>. </span></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-family: tim; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-family: tim; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-size: medium;"></span></div>
<div align="justify">
<a href="http://lh6.ggpht.com/-SlYEgMlB4B4/Up0D-BbAkOI/AAAAAAAAFGk/tb45cRnQ9sE/s1600-h/clip_image012%25255B3%25255D.jpg"><span style="color: black; font-family: tim; font-size: medium;"></span></a><span style="color: black; font-family: tim; font-size: medium;"><a href="http://lh6.ggpht.com/-SlYEgMlB4B4/Up0D-BbAkOI/AAAAAAAAFGs/zhY_UTFxH3k/s1600-h/clip_image012%25255B4%25255D.jpg"><img alt="clip_image012" border="0" src="http://lh4.ggpht.com/-ASUujvOnx7w/Up0D_jdA-nI/AAAAAAAAFFg/NH0nAR3S0qE/clip_image012_thumb%25255B1%25255D.jpg?imgmax=800" height="365" style="border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; border-right: 0px; border-top: 0px; display: inline;" title="clip_image012" width="583" /></a></span></div>
<div align="justify">
<br /></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-family: tim; font-size: medium;">2. Select both <b>RouterB</b> and <b>RouterH</b> by shift-clicking on them.</span></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: tim;">i. Select the <b>Protocols</b> menu ⇒ <b>IP</b> ⇒ <b>Demands</b> ⇒ <b>Create Traffic Demands</b></span></span></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-family: tim; font-size: medium;">⇒ Check the <b>From RouterB</b> radio button ⇒ Change the color to <b>red</b> ⇒ Click </span></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: tim;"><b>OK </b>⇒<b> </b>Click<b> Create</b>.<b> </b></span></span></div>
<div align="justify">
<strong><span style="font-size: medium;"></span></strong></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-family: tim; font-size: medium;">Now you can see the lines representing the traffic demands as shown.</span></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-family: tim; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-size: medium;"></span></div>
<div align="justify">
<a href="http://lh5.ggpht.com/-BTpInxw3CWY/Up0EAudxIJI/AAAAAAAAFFo/KiwiGaxnFpA/s1600-h/clip_image014%25255B3%25255D.jpg"><span style="color: black; font-family: tim; font-size: medium;"></span></a><span style="color: black; font-family: tim; font-size: medium;"><a href="http://lh5.ggpht.com/-BTpInxw3CWY/Up0EAudxIJI/AAAAAAAAFG0/8J46zr95n1o/s1600-h/clip_image014%25255B4%25255D.jpg"><img alt="clip_image014" border="0" src="http://lh3.ggpht.com/-vBQ0I5mFBF8/Up0G0MSxhQI/AAAAAAAAFG8/5u3DiZZ_t3c/clip_image014_thumb%25255B1%25255D.jpg?imgmax=800" height="266" style="border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; border-right: 0px; border-top: 0px; display: inline;" title="clip_image014" width="583" /></a></span></div>
<div align="justify">
<br /></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: tim;"><i>3. </i>To hide these lines: Select the <b>View</b> menu ⇒ Select <b>Demand Objects</b> ⇒ Select <i></i></span></span></div>
<div align="justify">
<i><span style="font-family: tim; font-size: medium;"></span></i></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: tim;"><b>Hide All</b>.<b> </b><i></i></span></span></div>
<div align="justify">
<i><span style="font-family: tim; font-size: medium;"></span></i></div>
<ol start="start">
<li> <div align="justify">
<span style="font-family: tim; font-size: medium;">Save your project. </span></div>
</li>
</ol>
<div align="justify">
<b><span style="font-family: tim; font-size: medium;"></span></b></div>
<div align="justify">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3132272184153628305" name="page5"></a><i><span style="font-family: tim; font-size: medium;">Configure the Routing Protocol and Addresses:</span></i></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: tim;"><b>Auto-Assign IP Addresses </b>assigns a<b> </b>unique IP address to connected IP interfaces whose IP address is currently set to auto-assigned. It does not change the value of manually set IP addresses.</span></span></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-size: medium;"></span></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-family: tim; font-size: medium;">1. Select the <b>Protocols</b> menu ⇒ <b>IP</b> ⇒ <b>Routing</b> ⇒ <b>Configure Routing Protocols</b>. </span></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-family: tim; font-size: medium;">2. Check the <b>OSPF</b> check box ⇒ Uncheck the <b>RIP</b> check box ⇒ Uncheck the </span></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: tim;"><b>Visualize Routing Domains </b>check box, as shown:<b> </b></span></span></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: tim;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: tim;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div align="justify">
<strong><span style="font-size: medium;"></span></strong></div>
<div align="justify">
<a href="http://lh3.ggpht.com/-mmKR3ImISp0/Up0G02iOStI/AAAAAAAAFHE/cQb9BOgL2tA/s1600-h/clip_image016%25255B3%25255D.jpg"><span style="color: black; font-family: tim; font-size: medium;"></span></a><span style="color: black; font-family: tim; font-size: medium;"><a href="http://lh3.ggpht.com/-mmKR3ImISp0/Up0G02iOStI/AAAAAAAAFHM/dPyJqZihxxk/s1600-h/clip_image016%25255B4%25255D.jpg"><img alt="clip_image016" border="0" src="http://lh5.ggpht.com/-eliFCxkdGuw/Up0G2gRd0nI/AAAAAAAAFHU/iNfGqjGHKjQ/clip_image016_thumb%25255B1%25255D.jpg?imgmax=800" height="514" style="border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; border-right: 0px; border-top: 0px; display: inline;" title="clip_image016" width="375" /></a></span></div>
<div align="justify">
<br /></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-family: tim; font-size: medium;">3. Click <b>OK</b>. </span></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: tim;">4. Select <b>RouterA</b> and <b>RouterB</b> only ⇒ Select the <b>Protocols</b> menu ⇒ <b>IP</b> ⇒ <b>Routing </b>⇒<b> </b>Select<b> Export Routing Table for Selected Routers </b>⇒<b> </b>Click<b> OK </b>on<b> </b></span></span></div>
<div align="justify">
<strong><span style="font-size: medium;"></span></strong></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-family: tim; font-size: medium;">the <i>Status Confirm</i> dialog box.</span></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: tim;">5. Select the <b>Protocols</b> menu ⇒ <b>IP</b> ⇒ <b>Addressing</b> ⇒ Select <b>Auto-Assign IP</b> <b>Addresses</b>.<b> </b></span></span></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-family: tim; font-size: medium;">6. Save your project. </span></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-size: medium;"></span></div>
<div align="justify">
<b><span style="font-family: tim; font-size: medium;">Configure the Simulation</span></b></div>
<div align="justify">
<strong><span style="font-size: medium;"></span></strong></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-family: tim; font-size: medium;">Here we need to configure some of the simulation parameters:</span></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-size: medium;"></span></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-family: tim; font-size: medium;">1. Click on </span><a href="http://lh4.ggpht.com/-HssN9hmhdAU/Up0G3Vb1L-I/AAAAAAAAFHc/18MgbLPJUuM/s1600-h/clip_image018%25255B3%25255D.jpg"><span style="color: black; font-family: tim; font-size: medium;"><img alt="clip_image018" border="0" src="http://lh4.ggpht.com/--urlwIBtwiA/Up0G4Le-ArI/AAAAAAAAFHk/tZtiXCzCZec/clip_image018_thumb.jpg?imgmax=800" height="33" style="border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; border-right: 0px; border-top: 0px; display: inline;" title="clip_image018" width="32" /></span></a><span style="font-family: tim; font-size: medium;"> and the <i>Configure Simulation</i> window should appear. </span></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-family: tim; font-size: medium;">2. Set the duration to be <b>10.0 minutes</b>. </span></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: tim;">3. Click <b>OK</b> and then save your project<b>.</b></span></span></div>
<div align="justify">
<b><span style="font-family: tim; font-size: medium;"></span></b></div>
<div align="justify">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3132272184153628305" name="page6"><span style="font-family: tim; font-size: medium;"></span></a></div>
<div align="justify">
<b><span style="font-family: tim; font-size: medium;">Duplicate the Scenario</span></b></div>
<div align="justify">
<strong><span style="font-size: medium;"></span></strong></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-family: tim; font-size: medium;">In the network we just created, all routers belong to one level of hierarchy (i.e., one area). Also, we didn’t enforce load balancing for any routes. Two new scenarios will be created. The first new scenario will define two new areas in addition to the backbone area. The second one will be configured to balance the load for the traffic demands between </span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: tim;"><b>RouterB </b>and<b> RouterH</b>.</span></span></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-size: medium;"></span></div>
<div align="justify">
<i><span style="font-family: tim; font-size: medium;"><strong><br /></strong></span></i></div>
<div align="justify">
<i><span style="font-family: tim; font-size: medium;"><strong>The Areas Scenario:</strong></span></i></div>
<div align="justify">
<i><span style="font-family: tim; font-size: medium;"><strong><br /></strong></span></i></div>
<div align="justify">
<em><span style="font-size: medium;"></span></em></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: tim;"><b>Loopback interface </b>allows a client and a server on the same host to communicate with each other using TCP/IP.</span></span></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-family: tim; font-size: medium;">1. Select <b>Duplicate Scenario</b> from the <b>Scenarios</b> menu and give it the name </span></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: tim;"><b>Areas </b>⇒<b> </b>Click<b> OK</b>.<b> </b></span></span></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-family: tim; font-size: medium;">2. Area <b>0.0.0.1</b>: </span></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-family: tim; font-size: medium;">i. Select the three <u>links</u> that connect <b>RouterA</b>, <b>RouterB</b>, and <b>RouterC</b> by shift-clicking on them ⇒ Select the <b>Protocols</b> menu ⇒ <b>OSPF</b> ⇒ <b>Configure Areas</b> ⇒ Assign the value <b>0.0.0.1</b> to the <b>Area Identifier</b>, as shown ⇒ Click <b>OK</b>. </span></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-family: tim; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-size: medium;"></span></div>
<div align="justify">
<a href="http://lh4.ggpht.com/-S7GteRo4-ts/Up0G4-QDJZI/AAAAAAAAFHs/-DynQko1fC4/s1600-h/clip_image020%25255B3%25255D.jpg"><span style="color: black; font-family: tim; font-size: medium;"></span></a><span style="color: black; font-family: tim; font-size: medium;"><a href="http://lh4.ggpht.com/-S7GteRo4-ts/Up0G4-QDJZI/AAAAAAAAFH0/RPpbP9Ewf3c/s1600-h/clip_image020%25255B4%25255D.jpg"><img alt="clip_image020" border="0" src="http://lh6.ggpht.com/-cwdC7D0mu_4/Up0G6QMjAfI/AAAAAAAAFH8/TnCkYjBjw1Q/clip_image020_thumb%25255B1%25255D.jpg?imgmax=800" height="324" style="border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; border-right: 0px; border-top: 0px; display: inline;" title="clip_image020" width="583" /></a></span></div>
<div align="justify">
<br /></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-family: tim; font-size: medium;">ii. Right-click on <b>RouterC</b> ⇒ <b>Edit Attributes</b> ⇒ Expand the <b>OSPF Parameters</b> hierarchy ⇒ Expand the <b>Loopback Interfaces</b> hierarchy ⇒ Expand the <b>row0</b> hierarchy ⇒ Assign <b>0.0.0.1</b> to the value of the <b>Area ID</b> attribute ⇒ Click <b>OK</b>. </span></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-family: tim; font-size: medium;"></span></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-family: tim; font-size: medium;">3. Area <b>0.0.0.2</b>: </span></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-size: medium;"></span></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-family: tim; font-size: medium;">i. Click somewhere in the project workspace to disable the selected links and then repeat step 2-i for the three links that connect <b>RouterF</b>, <b>RouterG</b>, and <b>RouterH</b> but assign the value <b>0.0.0.2</b> to their <b>Area Identifier</b>. </span></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-family: tim; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div>
<div align="justify">
<b><span style="font-family: tim; font-size: medium;"></span></b></div>
<div align="justify">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3132272184153628305" name="page7"><span style="font-family: tim; font-size: medium;"></span></a></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-family: tim; font-size: medium;">OPNET provides two types of IP load balancing:</span></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-family: tim; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-size: medium;"></span></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-family: tim; font-size: medium;">With <b>Destination</b> <b>Based</b>, load balancing is<b> </b>done on a per-destination basis. The route chosen from the source router to the destination network is the same for all packets. With <b>Packet Based</b>, load balancing is done on a per-packet basis. The route chosen from the source router to the destination network is redetermined for every individual packet.</span></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-family: tim; font-size: medium;">4. To visualize the areas we just created, select the <b>Protocols</b> menu ⇒ <b>OSPF</b> ⇒ <b>Visualize Areas </b>⇒<b> </b>Click<b> OK</b>. The network should look like the following one with<b> </b>different colors assigned to each area (you may get different colors though). </span></div>
<div align="justify">
<i><span style="font-family: tim; font-size: medium;"></span></i></div>
<div align="justify">
<i><span style="font-family: tim; font-size: medium;">Note: </span></i></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: tim;">- The area you did not configure is the backbone area and its <b>Area</b> <b>Identifier </b>= 0.0.0.0.<b> </b></span></span></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-family: tim; font-size: medium;">- The figure shows the links with a thickness of 3. </span></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-family: tim; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-family: tim; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-size: medium;"></span></div>
<div align="justify">
<a href="http://lh5.ggpht.com/-DPTQvpvcDJk/Up0G7HjnygI/AAAAAAAAFIE/XHwZtSpdMoc/s1600-h/clip_image022%25255B3%25255D.jpg"><span style="color: black; font-family: tim; font-size: medium;"></span></a><span style="color: black; font-family: tim; font-size: medium;"><a href="http://lh5.ggpht.com/-DPTQvpvcDJk/Up0G7HjnygI/AAAAAAAAFIM/sObKUg78xh4/s1600-h/clip_image022%25255B4%25255D.jpg"><img alt="clip_image022" border="0" src="http://lh4.ggpht.com/-lonE7ohr8b8/Up0G8ggki7I/AAAAAAAAFIU/_0Uqt3GszEc/clip_image022_thumb%25255B1%25255D.jpg?imgmax=800" height="278" style="border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; border-right: 0px; border-top: 0px; display: inline;" title="clip_image022" width="583" /></a></span></div>
<div align="justify">
<i><span style="font-family: tim; font-size: medium;"></span></i></div>
<div align="justify">
<i><span style="font-family: tim; font-size: medium;">The Balanced Scenario:</span></i></div>
<div align="justify">
<em><span style="font-size: medium;"></span></em></div>
<ol>
<li> <div align="justify">
<span style="font-family: tim; font-size: medium;">Under the <b>Scenarios</b> menu, <b>Switch to Scenario</b> ⇒ Select <b>No_Areas</b>. </span></div>
</li>
</ol>
<ol start="start">
<li> <div align="justify">
<span style="font-family: tim; font-size: medium;">Select <b>Duplicate Scenario</b> from the <b>Scenarios</b> menu, and give it the name </span></div>
</li>
</ol>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: tim;"><b>Balanced </b>⇒<b> </b>Click<b> OK</b>.<b> </b></span></span></div>
<div align="justify">
<strong><span style="font-size: medium;"></span></strong></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-family: tim; font-size: medium;">3. In the new scenario, select both <b>RouterB</b> and <b>RouterH</b> by shift-clicking on them. </span></div>
<ol start="start">
<li> <div align="justify">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: tim;">Select the <b>Protocols</b> menu ⇒ <b>IP</b> ⇒ <b>Routing</b> ⇒ <b>Configure Load Balancing</b> <b>Options </b>⇒<b> </b>Make sure that the option is<b> Packet-Based </b>and the radio button<b> Selected Routers </b>is selected as shown<b> </b>⇒<b> </b>Click<b> OK</b>.<b> </b></span></span></div>
</li>
<li> <div align="justify">
<strong><span style="font-size: medium;"></span></strong></div>
</li>
</ol>
<div align="justify">
<a href="http://lh5.ggpht.com/-y8K5FJBZiV8/Up0G9Xt2HJI/AAAAAAAAFIc/a-ouJG3Xsxk/s1600-h/clip_image024%25255B3%25255D.jpg"><span style="color: black; font-family: tim; font-size: medium;"></span></a><span style="color: black; font-family: tim; font-size: medium;"><a href="http://lh5.ggpht.com/-y8K5FJBZiV8/Up0G9Xt2HJI/AAAAAAAAFIk/9vsP8pfPqU0/s1600-h/clip_image024%25255B4%25255D.jpg"><img alt="clip_image024" border="0" src="http://lh6.ggpht.com/-Z2AGFRQaHg8/Up0G-xmhznI/AAAAAAAAFIs/TDDZNZh1pgk/clip_image024_thumb%25255B1%25255D.jpg?imgmax=800" height="339" style="border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; border-right: 0px; border-top: 0px; display: inline;" title="clip_image024" width="583" /></a></span></div>
<div align="justify">
<br /></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-family: tim; font-size: medium;">5. Save your project.</span></div>
<div align="justify">
<b><span style="font-family: tim; font-size: medium;"></span></b></div>
<div align="justify">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3132272184153628305" name="page8"><span style="font-family: tim; font-size: medium;"></span></a></div>
<div align="justify">
<b><span style="font-family: tim; font-size: medium;">Run the Simulation</span></b></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-family: tim; font-size: medium;">To run the simulation for the three scenarios simultaneously:</span></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-family: tim; font-size: medium;">1. Go to the <b>Scenarios</b> menu ⇒ Select <b>Manage Scenarios</b>. </span></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-family: tim; font-size: medium;">2. Click on the row of each scenario and click the <b>Collect Results</b> button. This should change the values under the <b>Results</b> column to <b><collect></b> as shown. </span></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-family: tim; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-size: medium;"></span></div>
<div align="justify">
<a href="http://lh5.ggpht.com/-XgkI0JdsrZA/Up0G_5w0M_I/AAAAAAAAFI0/p-1_qabkUV8/s1600-h/clip_image026%25255B3%25255D.jpg"><span style="color: black; font-family: tim; font-size: medium;"></span></a><span style="color: black; font-family: tim; font-size: medium;"><a href="http://lh5.ggpht.com/-XgkI0JdsrZA/Up0G_5w0M_I/AAAAAAAAFI8/--VsKhgQmVk/s1600-h/clip_image026%25255B4%25255D.jpg"><img alt="clip_image026" border="0" src="http://lh5.ggpht.com/-T_LigegW-8o/Up0HBal6RWI/AAAAAAAAFJE/YVrV4zYyV1Q/clip_image026_thumb%25255B1%25255D.jpg?imgmax=800" height="195" style="border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; border-right: 0px; border-top: 0px; display: inline;" title="clip_image026" width="583" /></a></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: tim; font-size: medium;">3. Click <b>OK</b> to run the three simulations. Depending on the speed of your processor, this may take several seconds to complete. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: tim; font-size: medium;">4. After the three simulation runs complete, one for each scenario, click <b>Close</b> and then save your project. </span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: tim; font-size: medium;"></span></b></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3132272184153628305" name="page9"><span style="font-family: tim; font-size: medium;"></span></a></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: tim; font-size: medium;">View the Results</span></b></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: tim; font-size: medium;">The No_Areas Scenario:</span></i></div>
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<span style="font-family: tim; font-size: medium;">1. Go back to the <b>No_Areas</b> scenario. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: tim; font-size: medium;">2. To display the route for the traffic demand between <b>RouterA</b> and <b>RouterC</b>: Select the <b>Protocols</b> menu ⇒ <b>IP</b> ⇒ <b>Demands</b> ⇒ <b>Display Routes for</b> <b>Configured Demands </b>⇒<b> </b>Expand the hierarchies as shown and select<b> RouterA </b>Æ <b>RouterC</b> ⇒ Go to the <b>Display</b> column and pick <b>Yes</b> ⇒ Click <b>Close</b>.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: tim; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: medium;"></span></div>
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<a href="http://lh5.ggpht.com/-91IySmfF6lg/Up0HCGoLmgI/AAAAAAAAFJM/m142_UoMQFg/s1600-h/clip_image028%25255B3%25255D.jpg"><span style="color: black; font-family: tim; font-size: medium;"></span></a><span style="color: black; font-family: tim; font-size: medium;"><a href="http://lh5.ggpht.com/-91IySmfF6lg/Up0HCGoLmgI/AAAAAAAAFJU/yl1CM8_BzvU/s1600-h/clip_image028%25255B4%25255D.jpg"><img alt="clip_image028" border="0" src="http://lh3.ggpht.com/-C-9FXFYEKJg/Up0HDz16qzI/AAAAAAAAFJc/sRyDS7b0Nqs/clip_image028_thumb%25255B1%25255D.jpg?imgmax=800" height="201" style="border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; border-right: 0px; border-top: 0px; display: inline;" title="clip_image028" width="583" /></a></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: tim; font-size: medium;">3. The resulting route will appear on the network as shown:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: tim; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: medium;"></span></div>
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<a href="http://lh3.ggpht.com/-citYCsqXRpY/Up0HEwdGF6I/AAAAAAAAFJk/lhhvzHD70Mk/s1600-h/clip_image030%25255B3%25255D.jpg"><span style="color: black; font-family: tim; font-size: medium;"></span></a><span style="color: black; font-family: tim; font-size: medium;"><a href="http://lh3.ggpht.com/-citYCsqXRpY/Up0HEwdGF6I/AAAAAAAAFJs/wGeF5F6heBM/s1600-h/clip_image030%25255B4%25255D.jpg"><img alt="clip_image030" border="0" src="http://lh6.ggpht.com/-e2wXAiv8cfQ/Up0HGAS8yzI/AAAAAAAAFJ0/UamJA3ZE324/clip_image030_thumb%25255B1%25255D.jpg?imgmax=800" height="303" style="border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; border-right: 0px; border-top: 0px; display: inline;" title="clip_image030" width="583" /></a></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: tim; font-size: medium;">4. Repeat step 2 to show the route for the traffic demand between <b>RouterB</b> and <b>RouterH</b>. The route is as shown below. (<i>Note:</i><b> </b>Depending on the order in which<b> </b>you created the network topology, the other “equal-cost” path can be used, that is, the <i>RouterB-RouterA-RouterD-RouterF-RouterH</i> path). </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: medium;"></span></div>
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<a href="http://lh6.ggpht.com/-KfFpqVaBuEs/Up0HG5BJFQI/AAAAAAAAFJ8/NKwjl7ftW8E/s1600-h/clip_image032%25255B3%25255D.jpg"><span style="color: black; font-family: tim; font-size: medium;"></span></a><span style="color: black; font-family: tim; font-size: medium;"><a href="http://lh6.ggpht.com/-KfFpqVaBuEs/Up0HG5BJFQI/AAAAAAAAFKE/lYpWZoTd070/s1600-h/clip_image032%25255B4%25255D.jpg"><img alt="clip_image032" border="0" src="http://lh5.ggpht.com/-5qoKq9sC0H8/Up0HIVsSWsI/AAAAAAAAFKM/4KoZYnZFyqs/clip_image032_thumb%25255B1%25255D.jpg?imgmax=800" height="305" style="border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; border-right: 0px; border-top: 0px; display: inline;" title="clip_image032" width="583" /></a></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: tim; font-size: medium;"></span></b></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3132272184153628305" name="page10"></a><i><span style="font-family: tim; font-size: medium;">The Areas Scenario:</span></i></div>
<ol>
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<span style="font-family: tim; font-size: medium;">Go to scenario <b>Areas</b>. </span></div>
</li>
</ol>
<ol start="start">
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<span style="font-family: tim; font-size: medium;">Display the route for the traffic demand between <b>RouterA</b> and <b>RouterC</b>. The route is as shown: </span></div>
</li>
</ol>
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<span style="font-size: medium;"></span></div>
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<a href="http://lh6.ggpht.com/-qREWkGWvAl8/Up0HJISsrdI/AAAAAAAAFKU/VF1-Tdj_gHE/s1600-h/clip_image034%25255B3%25255D.jpg"><span style="color: black; font-family: tim; font-size: medium;"></span></a><span style="color: black; font-family: tim; font-size: medium;"><a href="http://lh6.ggpht.com/-qREWkGWvAl8/Up0HJISsrdI/AAAAAAAAFKc/cbk5D8QtPpc/s1600-h/clip_image034%25255B4%25255D.jpg"><img alt="clip_image034" border="0" src="http://lh5.ggpht.com/-pQY1Wjpa3B0/Up0HKvmhx7I/AAAAAAAAFKk/kDKbv7uFNYw/clip_image034_thumb%25255B1%25255D.jpg?imgmax=800" height="297" style="border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; border-right: 0px; border-top: 0px; display: inline;" title="clip_image034" width="583" /></a></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: tim; font-size: medium;">3. Save your project.</span></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: tim; font-size: medium;">The Balanced Scenario:</span></i></div>
<ol>
<li> <div align="justify">
<span style="font-family: tim; font-size: medium;">Go to scenario <b>Balanced</b>. </span></div>
</li>
</ol>
<ol start="start">
<li> <div align="justify">
<span style="font-family: tim; font-size: medium;">Display the route for the traffic demand between <b>RouterB</b> and <b>RouterH</b>. The route is as shown: </span></div>
</li>
</ol>
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<span style="font-size: medium;"></span></div>
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<a href="http://lh3.ggpht.com/-DlM3GZMHV3k/Up0HLS6ooTI/AAAAAAAAFKs/Wb3x7LZofts/s1600-h/clip_image036%25255B3%25255D.jpg"><span style="color: black; font-family: tim; font-size: medium;"></span></a><span style="color: black; font-family: tim; font-size: medium;"><a href="http://lh3.ggpht.com/-DlM3GZMHV3k/Up0HLS6ooTI/AAAAAAAAFK0/d_lfy2w1OBM/s1600-h/clip_image036%25255B4%25255D.jpg"><img alt="clip_image036" border="0" src="http://lh6.ggpht.com/-2H_mVN5vdn0/Up0HMxHprNI/AAAAAAAAFK4/BbZ0hwiLvag/clip_image036_thumb%25255B1%25255D.jpg?imgmax=800" height="290" style="border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; border-right: 0px; border-top: 0px; display: inline;" title="clip_image036" width="583" /></a></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: tim; font-size: medium;">3. Save your project.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: medium;"></span></div>
<div class="wlWriterEditableSmartContent" id="scid:0767317B-992E-4b12-91E0-4F059A8CECA8:dd03e159-869c-4c35-b4a9-2b52d66b0d8e" style="display: inline; float: none; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">
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Usman Khanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16581732211609745919noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3132272184153628305.post-5338069683526030242013-12-01T13:59:00.001-08:002015-05-07T23:56:52.024-07:00RIP: Routing Information Protocol<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: tim; font-size: medium;">A Routing Protocol Based on the Distance-Vector Algorithm</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: tim; font-size: medium;">Objective</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: tim; font-size: medium;">The objective of this lab is to configure and analyze the performance of the Routing Information Protocol (RIP) model.</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: tim; font-size: medium;"></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: tim; font-size: medium;">Overview</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: tim; font-size: medium;">A router in the network needs to be able to look at a packet’s destination address and then determine which of the output ports is the best choice to get the packet to that address. The router makes this decision by consulting a forwarding table. The fundamental problem of routing is: How do routers acquire the information in their forwarding tables?</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: tim; font-size: medium;">Routing algorithms are required to build the routing tables and hence forwarding tables. The basic problem of routing is to find the lowest-cost path between any two nodes, where the cost of a path equals the sum of the costs of all the edges that make up the path. Routing is achieved in most practical networks by running routing protocols among the nodes. The protocols provide a distributed, dynamic way to solve the problem of finding the lowest-cost path in the presence of link and node failures and changing edge costs.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: tim; font-size: medium;">One of the main classes of routing algorithms is the distance-vector algorithm. Each node constructs a vector containing the distances (costs) to all other nodes and distributes that vector to its immediate neighbors. RIP is the canonical example of a routing protocol built on the distance-vector algorithm. Routers running RIP send their advertisements regularly (e.g., every 30 seconds). A router also sends an update message whenever a triggered update from another router causes it to change its routing table.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: tim; font-size: medium;">In this lab you will set up a network that utilizes RIP as its routing protocol. You will analyze the routing tables generated in the routers, and you will observe how RIP is affected by link failures.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: tim; font-size: medium;"></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: tim; font-size: medium;">Procedure</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: tim; font-size: medium;">Create a New Project</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: tim; font-size: medium;">1. Start <b>OPNET IT Guru Academic Edition</b> ⇒ Choose <b>New</b> from the <b>File</b> menu. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: tim; font-size: medium;">2. Select <b>Project</b> and click <b>OK</b> ⇒ Name the project <<b>your initials>_RIP</b>, and the scenario <b>NO_Failure</b> ⇒ Click <b>OK</b>. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: tim; font-size: medium;">3. In the <i>Startup Wizard: Initial Topology</i> dialog box, make sure that <b>Create Empty</b> <b>Scenario </b>is selected<b> </b>⇒<b> </b>Click<b> Next </b>⇒<b> </b>Select<b> Campus </b>from the<b> </b><i>Network Scale</i><b> </b>list ⇒ Click <b>Next</b> three times ⇒ Click <b>OK</b>. </span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: tim; font-size: medium;"></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: tim; font-size: medium;">Create and Configure the Network</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: tim; font-size: medium;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: tim; font-size: medium;">The <b>ethernet4_slip8_</b> <b>gtwy </b>node model<b> </b>represents an IP-based gateway supporting four Ethernet hub interfaces and eight serial line interfaces. IP packets arriving on any interface are routed to the appropriate output interface based on their destination IP address. The Routing Information Protocol (RIP) or the Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) protocol may be used to dynamically and automatically create the gateway's routing tables and select routes in an adaptive manner.</span></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: tim; font-size: medium;">Initialize the Network:</span></i></div>
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<span style="font-family: tim; font-size: medium;">The <i>Object Palette</i> dialog box should now be on top of your project workspace. If it is not there, open it by clicking </span><a href="http://lh6.ggpht.com/-EjSlCdEFRMA/UpuwR50n21I/AAAAAAAAE90/gvBLTYoiANQ/s1600-h/clip_image004%25255B4%25255D.jpg"><span style="color: black; font-family: tim; font-size: medium;"><img alt="clip_image004" border="0" src="http://lh6.ggpht.com/-Z3c8SH_1Aeg/UpuwTltEbQI/AAAAAAAAE98/VgsPlQAxbMY/clip_image004_thumb.jpg?imgmax=800" height="30" style="border: 0px none; display: inline;" title="clip_image004" width="29" /></span></a><span style="font-family: tim; font-size: medium;">. Make sure that the <b>internet_toolbox</b> is selected from the pull-down menu on the object palette. </span></div>
</li>
</ol>
<ol start="start">
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<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: tim;">Add to the project workspace the following objects from the palette: one <b>ethernet4_slip8_gtwy </b>router and two<b> 100BaseT_LAN </b>objects.<b> </b></span></span></div>
</li>
</ol>
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<b><span style="font-size: medium;"></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: medium;"></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: tim; font-size: medium;">a. To add an object from a palette, click its icon in the object palette ⇒ Move your mouse to the workspace ⇒ Click to place the object ⇒ Right-click to stop creating objects of that type. </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: medium;"></span></div>
<ol start="start">
<li> <div align="justify">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: tim;">Use bidirectional <b>100BaseT</b> links to connect the objects you just added as in the following figure. Also, rename the objects as shown (right-click on the node ⇒ <b>Set</b> <b>Name</b>).<b> </b></span></span></div>
</li>
</ol>
<ol start="start">
<li> <div align="justify">
<span style="font-family: tim; font-size: medium;">Close the <i>Object Palette</i> dialog box. </span></div>
</li>
</ol>
<ol start="start">
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<span style="font-family: tim; font-size: medium;">Save your project. </span></div>
</li>
</ol>
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<span style="font-size: medium;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: medium;"></span></div>
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<a href="http://lh4.ggpht.com/-slnv4tP-U4Q/UpuwVKUINLI/AAAAAAAAE-E/WKxESMfdsF4/s1600-h/clip_image006%25255B3%25255D.jpg"><span style="color: black; font-family: tim; font-size: medium;"></span></a><span style="color: black; font-family: tim; font-size: medium;"><a href="http://lh4.ggpht.com/-slnv4tP-U4Q/UpuwVKUINLI/AAAAAAAAE-M/3XXs1QFBJHE/s1600-h/clip_image006%25255B4%25255D.jpg"><img alt="clip_image006" border="0" src="http://lh3.ggpht.com/-i8DLkgeoTAI/UpuwZUUC4NI/AAAAAAAAE-U/aKeixvyOfFg/clip_image006_thumb%25255B1%25255D.jpg?imgmax=800" height="198" style="border: 0px none; display: inline;" title="clip_image006" width="583" /></a></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: tim; font-size: medium;"></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: medium;"></span></b></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3132272184153628305" name="page3"></a><i><span style="font-family: tim; font-size: medium;">Configure the Router:</span></i></div>
<ol>
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<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: tim;">Right-click on <b>Router1</b> ⇒ <b>Edit Attributes</b> ⇒ Expand the <b>IP Routing</b> <b>Parameters </b>hierarchy and set the following:<b> </b></span></span></div>
</li>
</ol>
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<span style="font-family: tim; font-size: medium;">i. <b>Routing Table Export </b>=<b> Once at End of Simulation</b>. This asks the router to<b> </b>export its routing table at the end of the simulation to the <i>simulation log</i>. </span></div>
<ol start="start">
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<span style="font-family: tim; font-size: medium;">Click <b>OK</b> and then save your project. </span></div>
</li>
</ol>
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<i><span style="font-family: tim; font-size: medium;"></span></i></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: tim; font-size: medium;">Add the Remaining LANs:</span></i></div>
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<i><span style="font-size: medium;"></span></i></div>
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<span style="font-family: tim; font-size: medium;">The <b>PPP_DS3</b> link has a data rate of 44.736 Mbps.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: tim; font-size: medium;">1. Highlight or select simultaneously (using shift and left-click) all five objects that you currently have in the project workspace (one router, two LANs, and two links). You can click-and-drag a box around the objects to do this. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: tim; font-size: medium;">2. Press <b>Ctrl+C</b> to copy the selected objects and then press <b>Ctrl+V</b> to paste them. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: tim; font-size: medium;">3. Repeat step 2 three times to generate three new copies of the objects and arrange them in a way similar to the following figure. Rename all objects as shown. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: tim; font-size: medium;">4. Connect routers, as shown, using <b>PPP_DS3</b> links.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: medium;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: medium;"></span></div>
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<a href="http://lh4.ggpht.com/-KdbX9JeVqEE/Upuwa8nN8oI/AAAAAAAAE-c/FCu8VCTw7b0/s1600-h/clip_image008%25255B3%25255D.jpg"><span style="color: black; font-family: tim; font-size: medium;"></span></a><span style="color: black; font-family: tim; font-size: medium;"><a href="http://lh4.ggpht.com/-KdbX9JeVqEE/Upuwa8nN8oI/AAAAAAAAE-k/cwkdAhxyAxg/s1600-h/clip_image008%25255B4%25255D.jpg"><img alt="clip_image008" border="0" src="http://lh6.ggpht.com/-wt7HdESVtz0/UpuwfUHJYZI/AAAAAAAAE-s/T0-pHAL02sQ/clip_image008_thumb%25255B1%25255D.jpg?imgmax=800" height="514" style="border: 0px none; display: inline;" title="clip_image008" width="498" /></a></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: tim; font-size: medium;">Choose the Statistics</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: medium;"></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: tim;"><b>RIP traffic </b>is the total<b> </b>amount of RIP update traffic (in bits) sent/received per second by all the nodes using RIP as the routing protocol in the IP interfaces in the node.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: tim;"><b>Total Number of Updates </b>is the number<b> </b>of times the routing table at this node gets updated (e.g., due to a new route addition, an existing route deletion, and/or a next hop update).</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: tim; font-size: medium;">To test the performance of the RIP protocol, we will collect the following statistics:</span></div>
<ol>
<li> <div align="justify">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: tim;">Right-click anywhere in the project workspace and select <b>Choose Individual</b> <b>Statistics </b>from the pop-up menu.<b> </b></span></span></div>
</li>
</ol>
<ol start="start">
<li> <div align="justify">
<span style="font-family: tim; font-size: medium;">In the <i>Choose Results</i> dialog box, check the following statistics: </span></div>
</li>
</ol>
<ol start="start"> <ol>
<li> <div align="justify">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: tim;"><b>Global Statistics </b>⇒<b> RIP </b>⇒<b> Traffic Sent (bits/sec). </b></span></span></div>
</li>
</ol>
</ol>
<ol start="start"> <ol start="start">
<li> <div align="justify">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: tim;"><b>Global Statistics </b>⇒<b> RIP </b>⇒<b> Traffic Received (bits/sec). </b></span></span></div>
</li>
</ol>
</ol>
<ol start="start"> <ol start="start">
<li> <div align="justify">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: tim;"><b>Nodes Statistics </b>⇒<b> Route Table </b>⇒<b> Total Number of Updates</b>.<b> </b></span></span></div>
</li>
</ol>
</ol>
<ol start="start">
<li> <div align="justify">
<span style="font-family: tim; font-size: medium;">Click <b>OK</b> and then save your project. </span></div>
</li>
</ol>
<div align="justify">
<b><span style="font-family: tim; font-size: medium;"></span></b></div>
<div align="justify">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3132272184153628305" name="page4"><span style="font-family: tim; font-size: medium;"></span></a></div>
<div align="justify">
<b><span style="font-family: tim; font-size: medium;">Configure the Simulation</span></b></div>
<div align="justify">
<b><span style="font-size: medium;"></span></b></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: tim;"><b>Auto Addressed </b>means<b> </b>that all IP interfaces are assigned IP addresses automatically during simulation. The class of address (e.g., A, B, or C) is determined based on the number of hosts in the designed network. Subnet masks assigned to these interfaces are the default subnet masks for that class.</span></span></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: tim;"><b>Export </b>causes the auto-assigned IP interface to be exported to a file (name of the file is <net_name>-ip_addresses.gdf and gets saved in the primary model directory).</span></span></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-family: tim; font-size: medium;">Here we need to configure some of the simulation parameters:</span></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-family: tim; font-size: medium;">1. Click on </span><a href="http://lh4.ggpht.com/-bsxwqIofIyY/Upuwg1WdbzI/AAAAAAAAE-0/RZFUAJBvcA8/s1600-h/clip_image010%25255B3%25255D.jpg"><span style="color: black; font-family: tim; font-size: medium;"><img alt="clip_image010" border="0" src="http://lh3.ggpht.com/-NNzqp38OWM0/UpuwilKFdCI/AAAAAAAAE-8/bKZIJWBR-pw/clip_image010_thumb.jpg?imgmax=800" height="33" style="border: 0px none; display: inline;" title="clip_image010" width="32" /></span></a><span style="font-family: tim; font-size: medium;"> and the <i>Configure Simulation</i> window should appear. </span></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-family: tim; font-size: medium;">2. Set the duration to be <b>10.0 minutes</b>. </span></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-family: tim; font-size: medium;">3. Click on the <b>Global Attributes</b> tab and change the following attributes: </span></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-family: tim; font-size: medium;">a. <b>IP Dynamic Routing Protocol </b>=<b> RIP</b>. This sets the RIP protocol to be<b> </b>the routing protocol of all routers in the network. </span></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: tim;">b. <b>IP Interface Addressing Mode </b>=<b> Auto Addressed/Export</b>.<b> </b></span></span></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-family: tim; font-size: medium;">c. <b>RIP Sim Efficiency </b>=<b> Disabled</b>. If this attribute is enabled, RIP will stop<b> </b>after the "RIP Stop Time." But we need the RIP to keep updating the routing table in case there is any change in the network (as we will see in the second scenario). </span></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-size: medium;"></span></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-family: tim; font-size: medium;">4. Click <b>OK</b> and then save the project. </span></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-size: medium;"></span></div>
<div align="justify">
<a href="http://lh6.ggpht.com/-2FV7kjMPmVA/UpuwkUaFaVI/AAAAAAAAE_E/vArzA0LJY5w/s1600-h/clip_image012%25255B3%25255D.jpg"><span style="color: black; font-family: tim; font-size: medium;"></span></a><span style="color: black; font-family: tim; font-size: medium;"><a href="http://lh6.ggpht.com/-2FV7kjMPmVA/UpuwkUaFaVI/AAAAAAAAE_M/HUl-LJGpQb4/s1600-h/clip_image012%25255B4%25255D.jpg"><img alt="clip_image012" border="0" src="http://lh3.ggpht.com/-ssCskgufJB4/UpuwopStNiI/AAAAAAAAE_U/jM-tGfoFZmo/clip_image012_thumb%25255B1%25255D.jpg?imgmax=800" height="338" style="border: 0px none; display: inline;" title="clip_image012" width="583" /></a></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div align="justify">
<b><span style="font-family: tim; font-size: medium;">Duplicate the Scenario</span></b></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-family: tim; font-size: medium;">In the network we just created, the routers will build their routing tables, and then they will not need to update them further because we didn’t simulate any node or link failures. In this scenario we will simulate failures so that we can compare the behavior of the routers in both cases.</span></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-family: tim; font-size: medium;">1. Select <b>Duplicate Scenario</b> from the <b>Scenarios</b> menu and name it <b>Failure</b> ⇒</span></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-family: tim; font-size: medium;">Click <b>OK</b>. </span></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-family: tim; font-size: medium;">2. Open <i>Object Palette</i> by clicking </span><a href="http://lh6.ggpht.com/-ywbu66eaKDA/UpuwqYXdFtI/AAAAAAAAE_c/pMeKllC0Fms/s1600-h/clip_image004%25255B1%25255D%25255B2%25255D.jpg"><span style="color: black; font-family: tim; font-size: medium;"><img alt="clip_image004[1]" border="0" src="http://lh4.ggpht.com/-MKondrJuRk0/Upuwr5xdXbI/AAAAAAAAE_k/mb93JF1fas4/clip_image004%25255B1%25255D_thumb.jpg?imgmax=800" height="30" style="border: 0px none; display: inline;" title="clip_image004[1]" width="29" /></span></a><span style="font-family: tim; font-size: medium;">. Select the <b>Utilities</b> palette from the drop-down menu. </span></div>
<div align="justify">
<b><span style="font-family: tim; font-size: medium;">4</span></b></div>
<div align="justify">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3132272184153628305" name="page5"></a><span style="font-family: tim; font-size: medium;">3. Add a <b>Failure Recovery</b> object to your workspace and name it <b>Failure</b> as shown ⇒ Close the <i>Object Palette</i> dialog box. </span></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-size: medium;"></span></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-size: medium;"></span></div>
<div align="justify">
<a href="http://lh5.ggpht.com/-hfrhdI18E-k/UpuwtRfMA8I/AAAAAAAAE_s/vCgi7bdFEl0/s1600-h/clip_image014%25255B3%25255D.jpg"><span style="color: black; font-family: tim; font-size: medium;"></span></a><span style="color: black; font-family: tim; font-size: medium;"><a href="http://lh5.ggpht.com/-hfrhdI18E-k/UpuwtRfMA8I/AAAAAAAAE_0/uygDYhFHpxg/s1600-h/clip_image014%25255B4%25255D.jpg"><img alt="clip_image014" border="0" src="http://lh3.ggpht.com/-6R1jSmF8hKs/UpuwxFQ34wI/AAAAAAAAE_8/xr0mS2AbeOA/clip_image014_thumb%25255B1%25255D.jpg?imgmax=800" height="514" style="border: 0px none; display: inline;" title="clip_image014" width="491" /></a></span></div>
<div align="justify">
<br /></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-family: tim; font-size: medium;">4. Right-click on the <b>Failure</b> object ⇒ <b>Edit Attributes</b> ⇒ Expand the <b>Link</b> <b>Failure/Recovery Specification </b>hierarchy<b> </b>⇒<b> </b>Set<b> rows </b>to 1<b> </b>⇒<b> </b>Set the attributes<b> </b>of the added row, <b>row 0</b>, as follows: </span></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-size: medium;"></span></div>
<div align="justify">
<a href="http://lh6.ggpht.com/-QqfI6-Hsjes/Upuwy4CHglI/AAAAAAAAFAE/Ovv1IgcY_lU/s1600-h/clip_image016%25255B3%25255D.jpg"><span style="color: black; font-family: tim; font-size: medium;"></span></a><span style="color: black; font-family: tim; font-size: medium;"><a href="http://lh6.ggpht.com/-QqfI6-Hsjes/Upuwy4CHglI/AAAAAAAAFAM/UMBKeEBvkdQ/s1600-h/clip_image016%25255B4%25255D.jpg"><img alt="clip_image016" border="0" src="http://lh5.ggpht.com/--dgCvW0FYOA/Upuw2rxjX5I/AAAAAAAAFAU/ssDeB2d2x-0/clip_image016_thumb%25255B1%25255D.jpg?imgmax=800" height="364" style="border: 0px none; display: inline;" title="clip_image016" width="583" /></a></span></div>
<div align="justify">
<br /></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-family: tim; font-size: medium;">This will “fail” the link between <b>Router1</b> and <b>Router2</b> 200 seconds into the simulation.</span></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-family: tim; font-size: medium;">5. Click <b>OK</b> and then save the project.</span></div>
<div align="justify">
<b><span style="font-family: tim; font-size: medium;"></span></b></div>
<div align="justify">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3132272184153628305" name="page6"><span style="font-family: tim; font-size: medium;"></span></a></div>
<div align="justify">
<b><span style="font-family: tim; font-size: medium;">Run the Simulation</span></b></div>
<div align="justify">
<b><span style="font-size: medium;"></span></b></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-family: tim; font-size: medium;">To run the simulation for both scenarios simultaneously:</span></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-family: tim; font-size: medium;">1. Go to the <b>Scenarios</b> menu ⇒ Select <b>Manage Scenarios</b>. </span></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-family: tim; font-size: medium;">2. Change the values under the <b>Results</b> column to <b><collect></b> (or <b><recollect></b>) for both scenarios. Compare to the following figure. </span></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-size: medium;"></span></div>
<div align="justify">
<a href="http://lh3.ggpht.com/-5LLlmVfJF0c/Upuw3oZZSGI/AAAAAAAAFAc/nLuKNuis7f0/s1600-h/clip_image018%25255B3%25255D.jpg"><span style="color: black; font-family: tim; font-size: medium;"></span></a><span style="color: black; font-family: tim; font-size: medium;"><a href="http://lh3.ggpht.com/-5LLlmVfJF0c/Upuw3oZZSGI/AAAAAAAAFAk/4c5hJ_8TvVk/s1600-h/clip_image018%25255B5%25255D.jpg"><img alt="clip_image018" border="0" src="http://lh3.ggpht.com/-spXOWg--o9c/Upuw6LtrO3I/AAAAAAAAFAs/zuJz_NutybY/clip_image018_thumb%25255B2%25255D.jpg?imgmax=800" height="164" style="border: 0px none; display: inline;" title="clip_image018" width="583" /></a></span></div>
<div align="justify">
<br /></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-family: tim; font-size: medium;">3. Click <b>OK</b> to run the two simulations. Depending on the speed of your processor, this may take several seconds to complete. </span></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-family: tim; font-size: medium;">4. After the two simulation runs complete, one for each scenario, click <b>Close</b> ⇒ Save your project. </span></div>
<div align="justify">
<b><span style="font-family: tim; font-size: medium;"></span></b></div>
<div align="justify">
<b><span style="font-family: tim; font-size: medium;">View the Results</span></b></div>
<div align="justify">
<b><span style="font-size: medium;"></span></b></div>
<div align="justify">
<i><span style="font-family: tim; font-size: medium;">Compare the Number of Updates:</span></i></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-family: tim; font-size: medium;">1. Select <b>Compare Results</b> from the <b>Results</b> menu. </span></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-family: tim; font-size: medium;">2. Change the drop-down menu in the right-lower part of the <i>Compare Results</i> dialog box to <b>Stacked Statistics</b> as shown. </span></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-size: medium;"></span></div>
<div align="justify">
<a href="http://lh3.ggpht.com/-m9yo7mFVHLk/Upuw7OLb7jI/AAAAAAAAFA0/VWYC8PVmKUQ/s1600-h/clip_image020%25255B3%25255D.jpg"><span style="color: black; font-family: tim; font-size: medium;"></span></a><span style="color: black; font-family: tim; font-size: medium;"><a href="http://lh3.ggpht.com/-m9yo7mFVHLk/Upuw7OLb7jI/AAAAAAAAFA8/r5RD-jeOisE/s1600-h/clip_image020%25255B4%25255D.jpg"><img alt="clip_image020" border="0" src="http://lh3.ggpht.com/-ZYieqWOLELw/Upuw-LTfu1I/AAAAAAAAFBE/QQaeeNQmKEU/clip_image020_thumb%25255B1%25255D.jpg?imgmax=800" height="314" style="border: 0px none; display: inline;" title="clip_image020" width="583" /></a></span></div>
<div align="justify">
<b><span style="font-family: tim; font-size: medium;"></span></b></div>
<div align="justify">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3132272184153628305" name="page7"><span style="font-family: tim; font-size: medium;"></span></a></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-family: tim; font-size: medium;">3. Select the <b>Total Number of Updates</b> statistic for <b>Router1</b> and click <b>Show</b>. </span></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-family: tim; font-size: medium;">4. You should get two graphs, one for each scenario. Right-click on each graph and select <b>Draw Style</b> ⇒ <b>Bar</b>. </span></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-family: tim; font-size: medium;">5. The resulting graphs should resemble the following (you can zoom in on the graphs by clicking-and-dragging a box over the region of interest): </span></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-size: medium;"></span></div>
<div align="justify">
<a href="http://lh4.ggpht.com/-D4roxFvrEEA/Upuw_GEYeiI/AAAAAAAAFBM/QXjhGLtl7C0/s1600-h/clip_image022%25255B3%25255D.jpg"><span style="color: black; font-family: tim; font-size: medium;"></span></a><span style="color: black; font-family: tim; font-size: medium;"><a href="http://lh4.ggpht.com/-D4roxFvrEEA/Upuw_GEYeiI/AAAAAAAAFBU/zwKLdXyMT1Y/s1600-h/clip_image022%25255B4%25255D.jpg"><img alt="clip_image022" border="0" src="http://lh4.ggpht.com/-I3I1FkFbtes/UpuxBJqcLYI/AAAAAAAAFBc/snNfuzHBsFI/clip_image022_thumb%25255B1%25255D.jpg?imgmax=800" height="514" style="border: 0px none; display: inline;" title="clip_image022" width="445" /></a></span></div>
<div align="justify">
<b><span style="font-family: tim; font-size: medium;"></span></b></div>
<div align="justify">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3132272184153628305" name="page8"></a><i><span style="font-family: tim; font-size: medium;">Obtain the IP Addresses of the Interface:</span></i></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-family: tim; font-size: medium;">Before checking the contents of the routing tables, we need to determine the IP address information for all interfaces in the current network. Recall that these IP addresses are assigned automatically during simulation, and we set the global attribute <b>IP Interface</b> <b>Addressing Mode </b>to export this information to a file.</span></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-family: tim; font-size: medium;">1. From the <b>File</b> menu choose <b>Model Files</b> ⇒ <b>Refresh Model Directories</b>. This causes OPNET IT Guru to search the model directories and update its list of files. </span></div>
<ol start="start">
<li> <div align="justify">
<span style="font-family: tim; font-size: medium;">From the <b>File</b> menu choose <b>Open</b> ⇒ From the drop-down menu choose <b>Generic</b> <b>Data File </b>⇒<b> </b>Select the <<b>your initials>_RIP-NO_Failure-ip_addresses </b>file (the<b> </b>other file created from the <b>Failure</b> scenario should contain the same information) ⇒ Click <b>OK</b>. </span></div>
</li>
</ol>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-size: medium;"></span></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-size: medium;"></span></div>
<div align="justify">
<a href="http://lh4.ggpht.com/-88o1bzLJ8sk/UpuxCEo4QDI/AAAAAAAAFBk/O3Gb0jlQwdA/s1600-h/clip_image024%25255B3%25255D.jpg"><span style="color: black; font-family: tim; font-size: medium;"></span></a><span style="color: black; font-family: tim; font-size: medium;"><a href="http://lh4.ggpht.com/-88o1bzLJ8sk/UpuxCEo4QDI/AAAAAAAAFBo/9UoHmmH5A-E/s1600-h/clip_image024%25255B4%25255D.jpg"><img alt="clip_image024" border="0" src="http://lh4.ggpht.com/-1P95GApmIKM/UpuxEYvLKNI/AAAAAAAAFBw/WyOX2Xq7hBg/clip_image024_thumb%25255B1%25255D.jpg?imgmax=800" height="282" style="border: 0px none; display: inline;" title="clip_image024" width="583" /></a></span></div>
<div align="justify">
<br /></div>
<div align="justify">
<br /></div>
<ol start="start">
<li> <div align="justify">
<span style="font-family: tim; font-size: medium;">The following is a part of the <b>gdf</b> file content. It shows the IP addresses assigned to the interfaces of <b>Router1</b> in our network. For example the interface of <b>Router1</b> that is connected to <b>Net11</b> has the IP address <b>192.0.0.1</b> (<i>Note:</i> Your result may vary due to different nodes placement.) The <b>Subnet Mask</b> associated with that interface indicates that the address of the subnetwork, to which the interface is connected, is <b>192.0.0.0</b> (i.e., the logical AND of the interface IP address and the subnet mask). </span></div>
</li>
</ol>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-size: medium;"></span></div>
<div align="justify">
<a href="http://lh4.ggpht.com/-iOppdnoJMjI/UpuxFW6z08I/AAAAAAAAFB4/2qBYl8c3ET0/s1600-h/clip_image026%25255B3%25255D.jpg"><span style="color: black; font-family: tim; font-size: medium;"></span></a><span style="color: black; font-family: tim; font-size: medium;"><a href="http://lh4.ggpht.com/-iOppdnoJMjI/UpuxFW6z08I/AAAAAAAAFCA/zNuBLtS7E2Y/s1600-h/clip_image026%25255B4%25255D.jpg"><img alt="clip_image026" border="0" src="http://lh6.ggpht.com/-rGUM4R2bo_8/UpuxHrrEK7I/AAAAAAAAFCI/t6f46Lp-sHM/clip_image026_thumb%25255B1%25255D.jpg?imgmax=800" height="94" style="border: 0px none; display: inline;" title="clip_image026" width="583" /></a></span></div>
<div align="justify">
<b><span style="font-family: tim; font-size: medium;"></span></b></div>
<ol start="start">
<li> <div align="justify">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3132272184153628305" name="page9"></a><span style="font-family: tim; font-size: medium;">Print out the layout of the network you implemented in this lab. On this layout, from the information included in the <b>gdf</b> file, write down the IP addresses associated with <b>Router1</b> as well as the addresses assigned to each subnetwork as shown in the following two figures (<i>Note:</i> Your IP addresses may vary due to different nodes placement.) </span></div>
</li>
</ol>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-size: medium;"></span></div>
<div align="justify">
<a href="http://lh5.ggpht.com/-AtGdjmNWoQs/UpuxIwK6H8I/AAAAAAAAFCQ/RB3h9G_2Qbg/s1600-h/clip_image028%25255B3%25255D.jpg"><span style="color: black; font-family: tim; font-size: medium;"></span></a><span style="color: black; font-family: tim; font-size: medium;"><a href="http://lh5.ggpht.com/-AtGdjmNWoQs/UpuxIwK6H8I/AAAAAAAAFCY/eA-KeNkUgQ4/s1600-h/clip_image028%25255B4%25255D.jpg"><img alt="clip_image028" border="0" src="http://lh3.ggpht.com/-dbuORbqYI74/UpuxLdwuwHI/AAAAAAAAFCg/BAcRDOeyZuE/clip_image028_thumb%25255B1%25255D.jpg?imgmax=800" height="514" style="border: 0px none; display: inline;" title="clip_image028" width="523" /></a></span></div>
<div align="justify">
<br /></div>
<div align="justify">
<br /></div>
<div align="justify">
<i><span style="font-family: tim; font-size: medium;">Compare the Routing Tables Content:</span></i></div>
<ol>
<li> <div align="justify">
<span style="font-family: tim; font-size: medium;">To check the content of the routing tables in <b>Router1</b> for both scenarios: </span></div>
</li>
</ol>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: tim;">i. Go to the <b>Results</b> menu ⇒ <b>Open Simulation Log</b> ⇒ Expand the hierarchy on the left as shown below ⇒ Click on the field <b>COMMON ROUTE TABLE.</b></span></span></div>
<div align="justify">
<b><span style="font-size: medium;"></span></b></div>
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<a href="http://lh5.ggpht.com/-AQz2ydFtTG8/UpuxMmkjpQI/AAAAAAAAFCo/OQSxnrlSXKE/s1600-h/clip_image030%25255B3%25255D.jpg"><span style="color: black; font-family: tim; font-size: medium;"></span></a><span style="color: black; font-family: tim; font-size: medium;"><a href="http://lh5.ggpht.com/-AQz2ydFtTG8/UpuxMmkjpQI/AAAAAAAAFCw/OXBtKBpatWA/s1600-h/clip_image030%25255B4%25255D.jpg"><img alt="clip_image030" border="0" src="http://lh4.ggpht.com/-XZZr0y1Vt_A/UpuxPDw8FAI/AAAAAAAAFC4/PGfPB6kuGLE/clip_image030_thumb%25255B1%25255D.jpg?imgmax=800" height="116" style="border: 0px none; display: inline;" title="clip_image030" width="583" /></a></span></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3132272184153628305" name="page10"></a><span style="font-family: tim; font-size: medium;">2. Carry out the previous step for both scenarios. The following are partial contents of Router1’s routing table for both scenarios (<i>Note:</i> Your results may vary due to different nodes placement): </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: tim; font-size: medium;">Routing table of Router1 (<b>NO_Failure</b> scenario):</span></div>
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<a href="http://lh3.ggpht.com/-8s2YecSfR38/UpuxQKVn5wI/AAAAAAAAFDA/zhdGAjQhcF0/s1600-h/clip_image032%25255B3%25255D.jpg"><span style="color: black; font-family: tim; font-size: medium;"></span></a><span style="color: black; font-family: tim; font-size: medium;"><a href="http://lh3.ggpht.com/-8s2YecSfR38/UpuxQKVn5wI/AAAAAAAAFDI/AG_65fR41mk/s1600-h/clip_image032%25255B4%25255D.jpg"><img alt="clip_image032" border="0" src="http://lh3.ggpht.com/-ayvF52IvG0k/UpuxSwmIeUI/AAAAAAAAFDQ/kvWQgO7joqs/clip_image032_thumb%25255B1%25255D.jpg?imgmax=800" height="265" style="border: 0px none; display: inline;" title="clip_image032" width="583" /></a></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: tim;"><b>Loopback interface </b>allows a client and a server on the same host to communicate with each other using</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: tim; font-size: medium;">TCP/IP.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: tim; font-size: medium;">Routing table of Router1 (<b>Failure</b> scenario):</span></div>
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<a href="http://lh5.ggpht.com/-FBbyIsQT1fM/UpuxUEjpPwI/AAAAAAAAFDY/DEk0Txd1ans/s1600-h/clip_image034%25255B3%25255D.jpg"><span style="color: black; font-family: tim; font-size: medium;"></span></a><span style="color: black; font-family: tim; font-size: medium;"><a href="http://lh5.ggpht.com/-FBbyIsQT1fM/UpuxUEjpPwI/AAAAAAAAFDg/9pQfG_ZlS8M/s1600-h/clip_image034%25255B4%25255D.jpg"><img alt="clip_image034" border="0" src="http://lh6.ggpht.com/-PH9V8Tb8bl0/UpuxXIwOxfI/AAAAAAAAFDo/kMCNhf2CW8g/clip_image034_thumb%25255B1%25255D.jpg?imgmax=800" height="267" style="border: 0px none; display: inline;" title="clip_image034" width="583" /></a></span></div>
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Usman Khanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16581732211609745919noreply@blogger.com4tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3132272184153628305.post-2822211684524274082013-11-25T08:57:00.001-08:002013-11-25T08:57:02.869-08:00Simulation of a Small Office Network in IT Guru<p><b><font size="4" face="times">Introduction</font></b></p> <p><font size="4" face="times">In this lesson, you will learn how IT Guru can model organizational scaling by using the tool to model a real-world “what if” problem. You will learn how to use</font></p> <p><font size="4" face="times">IT Guru features to build and analyze network models.</font></p> <p><font size="4" face="times">In this lesson, you will</font></p> <p><font size="4" face="times">• Build a network quickly </font></p> <p><font size="4" face="times">• Collect statistics about network performance </font></p> <p><font size="4" face="times">• Analyze these statistics </font></p> <p><a href="http://lh5.ggpht.com/-XDEkoXuFrbQ/UpOAJKfNr7I/AAAAAAAAE4I/DtAoQOVRdpU/s1600-h/clip_image001%25255B14%25255D%25255B2%25255D.png"><font color="#000000" size="4" face="times"><img title="clip_image001[14]" style="border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; display: inline" border="0" alt="clip_image001[14]" src="http://lh4.ggpht.com/-5_fRGS_V3n4/UpOAKp92OoI/AAAAAAAAE4Q/ZQCWjtfZmw8/clip_image001%25255B14%25255D_thumb.png?imgmax=800" width="244" height="7" /></font></a></p> <p><font size="4" face="times">In this lesson, you use the Project Editor to build a topology of a small internetwork, choose statistics to collect, run a simulation, and analyze the results.</font></p> <p><a href="http://lh5.ggpht.com/-0gS9AaAIhRE/UpOARsh3w-I/AAAAAAAAE4Y/HVMss4xcOLw/s1600-h/clip_image002%25255B12%25255D%25255B2%25255D.png"><font color="#000000" size="4" face="times"><img title="clip_image002[12]" style="border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; display: inline" border="0" alt="clip_image002[12]" src="http://lh3.ggpht.com/-w47Hw9a3gz8/UpOATi85M-I/AAAAAAAAE4g/KaTuazwDRRk/clip_image002%25255B12%25255D_thumb.png?imgmax=800" width="244" height="7" /></font></a></p> <p><font size="4" face="times">In this lesson, you plan for the expansion of a small company’s intranet. Currently, the company has a star topology network on the first floor of its office building and plans to add an additional star topology network on another floor. You will build and test this “what-if” scenario to ensure that the load added by the second network will not cause the network to fail.</font></p> <p align="justify"> </p> <p align="justify"><font size="4" face="tim"></font></p> <p align="justify"><a href="http://lh5.ggpht.com/-mLQvNnhLBM4/UpOAVsOjWcI/AAAAAAAAE4o/hHazJ5K_898/s1600-h/image%25255B16%25255D.png"><font size="4" face="tim"><img title="image" style="border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; display: inline" border="0" alt="image" src="http://lh4.ggpht.com/-1DjEhP41rMc/UpOAbCfMvHI/AAAAAAAAE4w/ABwhJOylMek/image_thumb%25255B8%25255D.png?imgmax=800" width="575" height="514" /></font></a><font size="4" face="tim"> </font></p> <p align="justify"><b><font size="4" face="tim">Getting Started</font></b></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4" face="tim">When creating a new network model, you must first create a new <b>project</b> and <b>scenario</b>. A project is a group of related scenarios that each explore a different aspect of the network. Projects can contain multiple scenarios.</font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4" face="tim">After you create a new project, you use the Startup Wizard to set up a new scenario. The options in the</font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4" face="tim">Wizard let you</font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4" face="tim">• Define the initial topology of the network </font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4" face="tim">• Define the scale and size of the network </font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4" face="tim">• Select a background map for the network. </font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4" face="tim">• Associate an object palette with the scenario </font></p> <p align="justify"><a href="http://lh3.ggpht.com/-8JCv84rYn6E/UpOAcsxdO7I/AAAAAAAAE44/eNBCeX4IMBY/s1600-h/clip_image001%25255B8%25255D%25255B2%25255D.png"><font size="4" face="tim"><img title="clip_image001[8]" style="border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; display: inline" border="0" alt="clip_image001[8]" src="http://lh3.ggpht.com/-A-LiLldeEjA/UpOAhXhazKI/AAAAAAAAE5A/CPhuqWkLdr0/clip_image001%25255B8%25255D_thumb.png?imgmax=800" width="244" height="6" /></font></a></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4"><font face="tim"><b>Startup Wizard </b>automatically appears each time you<b> </b>create a new project. The Startup Wizard allows you to define certain aspects of the network environment.</font></font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4" face="tim"></font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4" face="tim">To use the Startup Wizard to set up a new scenario, do the following:</font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4"><font face="tim"><b>1 </b>If IT Guru is not already running, start it. <b></b></font></font></p> <p align="justify"><b><font size="4" face="tim"></font></b></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4"><font face="tim"><b>2 </b>Select <b>File</b> > <b>New...</b>. <b></b></font></font></p> <p align="justify"><b><font size="4" face="tim"></font></b></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4"><font face="tim"><b>3 </b>Select <b>Project</b> from the pull-down menu and click <b></b></font></font></p> <p align="justify"><b><font size="4" face="tim"></font></b></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4"><font face="tim"><b>OK</b>.<b> </b><b></b></font></font></p> <p align="justify"><b><font size="4" face="tim"></font></b></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4"><font face="tim"><b>4 </b>Name the project and scenario, as follows: <b></b></font></font></p> <p align="justify"><b><font size="4" face="tim"></font></b></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4"><font face="tim"><b>4.1 </b>Name the project <b><initials>_Sm_Int</b> <b></b></font></font></p> <p align="justify"><b><font size="4" face="tim"></font></b></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4"><font face="tim">Include your initials in the project name to distinguish it from other versions of this project. <b></b></font></font></p> <p align="justify"><b><font size="4" face="tim"></font></b></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4"><font face="tim"><b>4.2 </b>Name the scenario <b>first_floor</b>. <b></b></font></font></p> <p align="justify"><b><font size="4" face="tim"></font></b></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4"><font face="tim"><b>4.3 </b>Click <b>OK</b>. <b></b></font></font></p> <p align="justify"><b><font size="4" face="tim"></font></b></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4"><font face="tim">➥ The Startup Wizard opens. <b></b></font></font></p> <p align="justify"><b><font size="4" face="tim"></font></b></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4" face="tim">Enter the values shown in the following table in the dialog boxes of the Startup Wizard: </font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4" face="tim"></font></p> <p align="justify"><a href="http://lh4.ggpht.com/-4bKST0-p-wM/UpOAigaWgpI/AAAAAAAAE5I/6OVbVV_Tfi4/s1600-h/image%25255B20%25255D.png"><font size="4" face="tim"><img title="image" style="border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; display: inline" border="0" alt="image" src="http://lh6.ggpht.com/-zwt1Fkedock/UpOAmCJ2wdI/AAAAAAAAE5Q/z5f03f-cOmM/image_thumb%25255B10%25255D.png?imgmax=800" width="583" height="457" /></font></a><font size="4" face="tim"> </font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4" face="tim"></font></p> <p align="justify"><a href="http://lh4.ggpht.com/-iMXy9Mc09PE/UpOAnyMJmyI/AAAAAAAAE5Y/eFE0sK1oUP4/s1600-h/image%25255B24%25255D.png"><font size="4" face="tim"><img title="image" style="border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; display: inline" border="0" alt="image" src="http://lh5.ggpht.com/-WykbQIUgDmA/UpOAqV2YboI/AAAAAAAAE5g/D92G533a4Qw/image_thumb%25255B12%25255D.png?imgmax=800" width="610" height="772" /></font></a><font size="4" face="tim"> </font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4" face="tim"></font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4" face="tim">You can use any of three methods to create a network topology, or a combination of all three. One method is to import the topology (discussed in a later lesson).</font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4" face="tim">Another is to place individual nodes from the object palette into the workspace. The third method is to use</font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4"><font face="tim"><b>Rapid Configuration</b>.</font></font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4"><font face="tim"><b>Rapid Configuration </b>creates a network in one action<b> </b>after you select a network configuration, the types of nodes within the network, and the types of links that connect the nodes.</font></font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4" face="tim">To create the first-floor network using Rapid Configuration:</font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4"><font face="tim"><b>1 </b>Select <b>Topology > Rapid Configuration</b>. <b></b></font></font></p> <p align="justify"><b><font size="4" face="tim"></font></b></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4" face="tim">Select <b>Star</b> from the drop-down menu of available configurations, then click <b>OK...</b>. </font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4" face="tim"></font></p> <p align="justify"><a href="http://lh3.ggpht.com/-kJB3QPS83oc/UpOArGJH2qI/AAAAAAAAE5k/2a7CUu4Ty8I/s1600-h/image%25255B28%25255D.png"><font size="4" face="tim"><img title="image" style="border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; display: inline" border="0" alt="image" src="http://lh6.ggpht.com/-Vxb_lP1bFCk/UpOAtukwBMI/AAAAAAAAE5w/QWvT1lK70AU/image_thumb%25255B14%25255D.png?imgmax=800" width="583" height="380" /></font></a><font size="4" face="tim"> </font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4" face="tim"></font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4" face="tim">Specify the node models and link models in the network. Models follow this naming scheme:</font></p> <p align="justify"><b><font size="4" face="tim"><protocol1>_..._<protocol<i>n</i>>_<function>_<mod></font></b></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4" face="tim">where:</font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4" face="tim">• <b><protocol> </b>specifies the specific protocol(s)<b> </b>supported by the model </font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4" face="tim">• <b><function> </b>is an abbreviation of the general<b> </b>function of the model </font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4" face="tim">• <b><mod> </b>indicates the level of derivation of the<b> </b>model </font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4" face="tim">For example:</font></p> <p align="justify"><b><font size="4" face="tim">ethernet2_bridge_int</font></b></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4" face="tim">specifies the intermediate (<b>int</b>) derivation of a 2-port</font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4" face="tim">Ethernet (<b>ethernet2</b>) bridge (<b>bridge</b>).</font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4" face="tim">Vendor models have an additional prefix that specifies the vendor and the vendor product number for that particular network object.</font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4" face="tim">For example, the 3Com switch used in this lesson is named:</font></p> <p align="justify"><b><font size="4" face="tim">3C_SSII_1100_3300_4s_ae52_e48_ge3</font></b></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4" face="tim">This node is a stack of two 3Com SuperStack II 1100 and two Superstack II 3300 chassis</font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4" face="tim">(<b>3C_SSII_1100_3300</b>) with four slots (<b>4s</b>), 52 auto-sensing Ethernet ports (<b>ae52</b>), 48 Ethernet ports</font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4" face="tim">(<b>e48</b>), and 3 Gigabit Ethernet ports (<b>ge3</b>).</font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4" face="tim">To specify the nodes and links to use to build the network:</font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4"><font face="tim"><b>1 </b>Set the <b>Center Node Model</b> to <b>3C_SSII_1100_3300_4s_ae52_e48_ge3</b>. This is<b> </b>a 3Com switch. <b></b></font></font></p> <p align="justify"><b><font size="4" face="tim"></font></b></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4"><font face="tim"><b>2 </b>Set the <b>Periphery Node Model</b> to <b>Sm_Int_wkstn</b>, and change the<b> Number </b>of<b> </b>periphery nodes to <b>30</b>. This provides 30 Ethernet workstations as the peripheral nodes. <b></b></font></font></p> <p align="justify"><b><font size="4" face="tim"></font></b></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4" face="tim">Set the <b>Link Model</b> to <b>10BaseT</b>.</font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4" face="tim"></font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4" face="tim">Specify where the new network will be placed:</font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4"><font face="tim"><b>1 </b>Set the <b>X center</b> and <b>Y center</b> to <b>25</b>. <b></b></font></font></p> <p align="justify"><b><font size="4" face="tim"></font></b></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4"><font face="tim"><b>2 </b>Set the <b>Radius</b> to <b>20</b>. <b></b></font></font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4" face="tim"></font></p> <p align="justify"><a href="http://lh6.ggpht.com/-7yqtjmlXF1Y/UpOAulQQaRI/AAAAAAAAE50/mQKvUYLscHQ/s1600-h/image%25255B32%25255D.png"><font size="4" face="tim"><img title="image" style="border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; display: inline" border="0" alt="image" src="http://lh6.ggpht.com/-4R0Vz7sq49M/UpOAv45XY1I/AAAAAAAAE6A/8S5XdRds-Xc/image_thumb%25255B16%25255D.png?imgmax=800" width="583" height="379" /></font></a><font size="4" face="tim"> </font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4" face="tim"></font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4"><font face="tim"><b>3 </b>Click <b>OK</b>. <b></b></font></font></p> <p align="justify"><b><font size="4" face="tim"></font></b></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4"><font face="tim">➥ The network is drawn in the Project Editor: <b></b></font></font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4" face="tim"></font></p> <p align="justify"><a href="http://lh5.ggpht.com/-k1ngaI7sTIk/UpOAw4g6i1I/AAAAAAAAE6I/gVem5mmR-3Y/s1600-h/image%25255B37%25255D.png"><font size="4" face="tim"><img title="image" style="border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; display: inline" border="0" alt="image" src="http://lh3.ggpht.com/-oOeak5V9MiI/UpOAy4eM9sI/AAAAAAAAE6Q/iMplH6CXfD0/image_thumb%25255B19%25255D.png?imgmax=800" width="478" height="514" /></font></a><font size="4" face="tim"> </font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4" face="tim"></font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4" face="tim">Now that the general network topology has been built, you need to add a server. You will use the second method of creating network objects: dragging them from the object palette into the workspace.</font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4"><font face="tim"><b>1 </b>If it is not already open, open the object palette by clicking on the <b></b></font></font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4"><font face="tim"><b>Object Palette </b>action button.<b> </b></font></font></p> <p align="justify"><a href="http://lh4.ggpht.com/-Y0DDog_-B48/UpOAz-lxcoI/AAAAAAAAE6Y/OE88Tqp8jtg/s1600-h/image%25255B40%25255D.png"><font size="4" face="tim"><img title="image" style="border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; display: inline" border="0" alt="image" src="http://lh4.ggpht.com/-y1Bo96Awr24/UpOA0nI2H0I/AAAAAAAAE6g/MlbdkJVcXuo/image_thumb%25255B20%25255D.png?imgmax=800" width="71" height="70" /></font></a><font size="4" face="tim"> </font></p> <p align="justify"><b><font size="4" face="tim"></font></b></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4"><font face="tim"><b>2 </b>Find the <b>Sm_Int_server</b> object in the palette and drag it into the workspace. <b></b></font></font></p> <p align="justify"><b><font size="4" face="tim"></font></b></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4" face="tim">You will not find this exact server model on other object palettes because we created it with the correct configuration for this tutorial. </font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4" face="tim">By default, you can create additional instances of the same object by left-clicking after the initial “drag-and-drop” from the palette.</font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4"><font face="tim"><b>3 </b>Because you do not need additional copies of this model, right-click to turn off node creation. <b></b></font></font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4" face="tim">You also need to connect the server to the star network.</font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4"><font face="tim"><b>1 </b>Find the <b>10BaseT</b> link object in the palette and click on it. <b></b></font></font></p> <p align="justify"><b><font size="4" face="tim"></font></b></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4"><font face="tim"><b>2 </b>Click on the server object, then click on the switch object in the center of the star. <b></b></font></font></p> <p align="justify"><b><font size="4" face="tim"></font></b></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4"><font face="tim">➥ A link is drawn, connecting the two objects. <b></b></font></font></p> <p align="justify"><b><font size="4" face="tim"></font></b></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4"><font face="tim"><b>3 </b>Right-click to turn off link creation. <b></b></font></font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4" face="tim">Finally, you need to add configuration objects to specify the application traffic that will exist on the network. Configuring the application definition and profile definition objects can be complicated, so you do not have to do these tasks right now. For this tutorial, we included, on the object palette:</font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4" face="tim">• an application definition object with the default configurations of the standard applications, and </font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4" face="tim">• a profile definition object with a profile that models light database access </font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4" face="tim">You need only drag the objects into your network. Doing so means that the traffic caused by workstations accessing a database at a low rate will be modeled.</font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4"><font face="tim"><b>1 </b>Find the <b>Sm_Application_Config</b> object in the palette and drag it into the workspace <b></b></font></font></p> <p align="justify"><b><font size="4" face="tim"></font></b></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4"><font face="tim"><b>2 </b>Right-click to turn off object creation. <b></b></font></font></p> <p align="justify"><b><font size="4" face="tim"></font></b></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4"><font face="tim"><b>3 </b>Find the <b>Sm_Profile_Config</b> object in the palette, drag it into the workspace, and right-click. <b></b></font></font></p> <p align="justify"><b><font size="4" face="tim"></font></b></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4"><font face="tim"><b>4 </b>Close the object palette. <b></b></font></font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4" face="tim"></font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4" face="tim">The network is now built and should look similar to the following figure.</font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4" face="tim"></font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4" face="tim"></font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4" face="tim"></font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4" face="tim"></font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4" face="tim"></font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4" face="tim"></font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4" face="tim"></font></p> <p align="justify"><a href="http://lh5.ggpht.com/-J6LTqjMFoRM/UpOA1tH70II/AAAAAAAAE6o/C6QpT6c1_Jo/s1600-h/image%25255B44%25255D.png"><font size="4" face="tim"><img title="image" style="border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; display: inline" border="0" alt="image" src="http://lh5.ggpht.com/-gdxTkBmdT3Y/UpOA3uZfLkI/AAAAAAAAE6w/DBYbJ30G4pU/image_thumb%25255B22%25255D.png?imgmax=800" width="583" height="406" /></font></a><font size="4" face="tim"> </font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4" face="tim"></font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4" face="tim">You are now ready to begin collecting statistics.</font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4" face="tim"></font></p> <p align="justify"><b><font size="4" face="tim">Collecting Statistics</font></b></p> <p align="justify"><a href="http://lh6.ggpht.com/-_RRLUf-zRe4/UpOA4bAJB2I/AAAAAAAAE60/qSphGxZMn3g/s1600-h/clip_image001%25255B10%25255D%25255B2%25255D.png"><font size="4" face="tim"><img title="clip_image001[10]" style="border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; display: inline" border="0" alt="clip_image001[10]" src="http://lh3.ggpht.com/-inKoyGGEUHM/UpOA5gMVtwI/AAAAAAAAE7A/tTJKBsDFX9A/clip_image001%25255B10%25255D_thumb.png?imgmax=800" width="244" height="7" /></font></a></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4" face="tim">You can collect statistics from individual nodes in your network (<b>object statistics</b>) or from the entire network (<b>global statistics</b>).</font></p> <p align="justify"><a href="http://lh4.ggpht.com/-5Vmknep2xGk/UpOA6eGLvmI/AAAAAAAAE7I/O_2d6enUbvw/s1600-h/clip_image002%25255B8%25255D%25255B2%25255D.png"><font size="4" face="tim"><img title="clip_image002[8]" style="border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; display: inline" border="0" alt="clip_image002[8]" src="http://lh4.ggpht.com/-5kpigd6xLV8/UpOA7QjvcCI/AAAAAAAAE7Q/2Di44ydgnrw/clip_image002%25255B8%25255D_thumb.png?imgmax=800" width="244" height="7" /></font></a></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4" face="tim">Now that you have created the network, you should decide which statistics you need to collect to answer the questions presented earlier in this lesson:</font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4" face="tim">• Will the server be able to handle the additional load of the second network? </font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4" face="tim">• Will the total delay across the network be acceptable once the second network is installed? </font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4" face="tim">To answer these questions, you need a snapshot of current performance for comparison. To get this baseline, you will collect one object statistic, <b>Server</b> <b>Load</b>, and one global statistic,<b> Ethernet Delay</b>.</font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4" face="tim"></font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4" face="tim"></font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4" face="tim">Server load is a key statistic that reflects the performance of the entire network. To collect statistics related to the server’s load, do the following steps:</font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4"><font face="tim"><b>1 </b>Right-click on the server node (<b>node_31</b>) and select <b>Choose Individual Statistics</b> from the server’s Object pop-up menu. <b></b></font></font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4" face="tim">➥ The Choose Results dialog box for node_31 appears. </font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4" face="tim">The Choose Results dialog box hierarchically organizes the statistics you may collect. To collect the Ethernet load on the server:</font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4"><font face="tim"><b>2 </b>Click the plus sign next to <b>Ethernet</b> in the Choose Results dialog box to expand the Ethernet statistic hierarchy. <b></b></font></font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4" face="tim"></font></p> <p align="justify"><a href="http://lh3.ggpht.com/-O4NZtVV36ZA/UpOA8c-K0RI/AAAAAAAAE7Y/01DZ5zpAmHU/s1600-h/image%25255B50%25255D.png"><font size="4" face="tim"><img title="image" style="border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; display: inline" border="0" alt="image" src="http://lh6.ggpht.com/-kGMotrKPa8Y/UpOA9wQvxqI/AAAAAAAAE7g/0_MBopAR6yM/image_thumb%25255B26%25255D.png?imgmax=800" width="384" height="514" /></font></a><font size="4" face="tim"> </font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4" face="tim"></font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4"><font face="tim"><b>3 </b>Click the checkbox next to <b>Load (bits/sec)</b> to enable collection for that statistic. <b></b></font></font></p> <p align="justify"><b><font size="4" face="tim"></font></b></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4"><font face="tim"><b>4 </b>Click <b>OK</b> to close the dialog box. <b></b></font></font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4" face="tim"></font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4"><font face="tim"><b>Global statistics </b>can be used to gather information<b> </b>about the network as a whole. For example, you can find out the delay for the entire network by collecting the global <b>Delay</b> statistic:</font></font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4"><font face="tim"><b>1 </b>Right-click in the workspace (but not on an object) and select <b>Choose Individual Statistics</b> from the <b></b></font></font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4"><font face="tim">Workspace pop-up menu. <b></b></font></font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4" face="tim"></font></p> <p align="justify"><a href="http://lh5.ggpht.com/-Fti77E9NWXY/UpOA_Pj1PFI/AAAAAAAAE7k/yxmnsco9_-c/s1600-h/image%25255B54%25255D.png"><font size="4" face="tim"><img title="image" style="border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; display: inline" border="0" alt="image" src="http://lh4.ggpht.com/-Z0tfpysHqRM/UpOBBHf4zBI/AAAAAAAAE7w/nrbuRU9o4_I/image_thumb%25255B28%25255D.png?imgmax=800" width="491" height="514" /></font></a><font size="4" face="tim"> </font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4" face="tim"></font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4"><font face="tim"><b>2 </b>Expand the Global Statistics hierarchy. <b></b></font></font></p> <p align="justify"><b><font size="4" face="tim"></font></b></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4"><font face="tim"><b>3 </b>Expand the Ethernet hierarchy. <b></b></font></font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4" face="tim"></font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4"><font face="tim"><b>4 </b>Click the checkbox next to <b>Delay (sec)</b> to enable data collection. <b></b></font></font></p> <p align="justify"><b><font size="4" face="tim"></font></b></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4"><font face="tim"><b>5 </b>Click <b>OK</b> to close the Choose Results dialog box. <b></b></font></font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4" face="tim">It is good to get into the habit of saving your project every so often. To save the project:</font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4"><font face="tim"><b>1 </b>Choose <b>File > Save</b>, then click <b>OK</b> (the project already has a name, so you don’t need to rename it). <b></b></font></font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4" face="tim">Now that you have specified which statistics to collect and saved the project, you are almost ready to run your simulation.</font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4" face="tim">First, though, verify that your <b>repositories</b> preference is set. Repositories contain user-defined components such as process models and pipeline stages that are saved so that simulations will take less time to begin execution.</font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4"><font face="tim"><b>1 </b>Choose <b>Edit > Preferences.</b> <b></b></font></font></p> <p align="justify"><b><font size="4" face="tim"></font></b></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4"><font face="tim"><b>2 </b>Type <b>repositories</b> in the <b>Find</b> field and click on the <b>Find</b> button. <b></b></font></font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4" face="tim"></font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4"><font face="tim"><b>3 </b>If the value for <b>repositories</b> is not <b>stdmod</b>, click on the field and enter <b>stdmod</b> in the dialog box. <b></b></font></font></p> <p align="justify"><b><font size="4" face="tim"></font></b></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4"><font face="tim"><b>4 </b>Click <b>OK</b> to close the <b>repositories</b> and <b></b></font></font></p> <p align="justify"><b><font size="4" face="tim"></font></b></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4"><font face="tim"><b>Preferences </b>dialog boxes<b> </b><b></b></font></font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4" face="tim">To run a simulation:</font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4"><font face="tim"><b>1 </b>Select <b>Simulation > Configure Discrete Event</b> <b>Simulation…</b>.<b> </b><b></b></font></font></p> <p align="justify"><b><font size="4" face="tim"></font></b></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4"><font face="tim">You can also open the Configure Discrete Event Simulation dialog box by clicking on the <b>configure/run simulation</b> action button. <b></b></font></font></p> <p align="justify"><b><font size="4" face="tim"></font></b></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4"><font face="tim"><b>2 </b>Type <b>0.5</b> in the <b>Duration:</b> field to simulate one-half hour of network activity. <b></b></font></font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4" face="tim"></font></p> <p align="justify"><a href="http://lh3.ggpht.com/-CYWNsCPFxPw/UpOBCC9jRGI/AAAAAAAAE70/-DjyWVXeFTw/s1600-h/image%25255B61%25255D.png"><font size="4" face="tim"><img title="image" style="border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; display: inline" border="0" alt="image" src="http://lh3.ggpht.com/-PHX21HVm_kE/UpOBES7evbI/AAAAAAAAE8A/z9A-jVK_Fss/image_thumb%25255B33%25255D.png?imgmax=800" width="583" height="230" /></font></a><font size="4" face="tim"> </font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4" face="tim"></font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4" face="tim">Click the<b> </b><b>Run</b><b> </b>button to begin the simulation.</font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4" face="tim"></font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4" face="tim">While the simulation runs, a dialog box appears showing the simulation’s progress.</font></p> <p align="justify"><a href="http://lh6.ggpht.com/-2gLcXX640rw/UpOBFaE9uKI/AAAAAAAAE8I/WZFzY5o8xg8/s1600-h/image%25255B65%25255D.png"><font size="4" face="tim"><img title="image" style="border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; display: inline" border="0" alt="image" src="http://lh6.ggpht.com/-GyQACuYUflE/UpOBHcKlfNI/AAAAAAAAE8Q/ALbM133W3Fk/image_thumb%25255B35%25255D.png?imgmax=800" width="485" height="514" /></font></a><font size="4" face="tim"> </font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4" face="tim"></font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4" face="tim">The dialog box above shows that, in 5 seconds of elapsed (actual) time, IT Guru has simulated 15 minutes and 19 seconds of network time. The entire simulation should take less than one minute to complete—the elapsed time varies according to the speed of your computer.</font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4"><font face="tim"><b>4 </b>When the simulation finishes, the contents of the <b></b></font></font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4"><font face="tim">Messages tab appears. Click the <b>Close</b> button in the Simulation Sequence dialog box. <b></b></font></font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4" face="tim"></font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4"><font face="tim"><b>5 </b>If your simulation does not complete, if no results were collected, or if the results vary significantly from those shown, you will have to troubleshoot your simulation. See </font></font><a href="com_trbl_sim.pdf"><i><font size="4" face="tim">"Troubleshooting Tutoria</font></i></a><font size="4"><font face="tim"><i>l</i> <i><a href="com_trbl_sim.pdf">Simulations</a>"</i>.<i> </i><b></b></font></font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4" face="tim"></font></p> <p align="justify"><b><font size="4" face="tim">Viewing Results</font></b></p> <p align="justify"><a href="http://lh4.ggpht.com/-RMfPtnZdVis/UpOBIa7HDgI/AAAAAAAAE8U/8IR7nDn1Yu8/s1600-h/clip_image001%25255B12%25255D%25255B2%25255D.png"><font size="4" face="tim"><img title="clip_image001[12]" style="border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; display: inline" border="0" alt="clip_image001[12]" src="http://lh3.ggpht.com/-fcxs-BsaRLc/UpOBJeXSc7I/AAAAAAAAE8g/JtG4HM7mywY/clip_image001%25255B12%25255D_thumb.png?imgmax=800" width="244" height="7" /></font></a></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4" face="tim">You can view results graphically in the Project Editor by selecting <b>View Results</b> from the Workspace pop-up menu.</font></p> <p align="justify"><a href="http://lh6.ggpht.com/-IlG2ybaPbOE/UpOBKQVdxjI/AAAAAAAAE8o/HtdV6RwwUTE/s1600-h/clip_image002%25255B10%25255D%25255B2%25255D.png"><font size="4" face="tim"><img title="clip_image002[10]" style="border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; display: inline" border="0" alt="clip_image002[10]" src="http://lh4.ggpht.com/-aO6oSBvi7yo/UpOBLeOHhBI/AAAAAAAAE8w/kQPgp5doJ4g/clip_image002%25255B10%25255D_thumb.png?imgmax=800" width="244" height="7" /></font></a></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4" face="tim">After your simulation has executed, you will want to see the information collected for each statistic. There are several ways to view results; in this lesson you will use the View Results option in the Workspace pop-up menu.</font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4" face="tim">You will learn different ways to view results in later lessons.</font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4" face="tim">To view the server Ethernet load for the simulation:</font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4"><font face="tim"><b>1 </b>Right-click on the server node (<b>node_31</b>) choose <b></b></font></font></p> <p align="justify"><b><font size="4" face="tim"></font></b></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4"><font face="tim"><b>View Results </b>from the server’s Object pop-up<b> </b>menu. <b></b></font></font></p> <p align="justify"><b><font size="4" face="tim"></font></b></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4"><font face="tim">➥ The node’s View Results dialog box opens. <b></b></font></font></p> <p align="justify"><b><font size="4" face="tim"></font></b></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4"><font face="tim"><b>2 </b>Expand the <b>Office network.node_31 > Ethernet</b> hierarchy. <b></b></font></font></p> <p align="justify"><b><font size="4" face="tim"></font></b></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4" face="tim">Click on the checkbox next to <b>Load (bits/sec)</b> to indicate that you want to view that result.</font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4" face="tim"></font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4"><font face="tim"><b>4 </b>Click the <b>Show</b> button in the View Results dialog box. <b></b></font></font></p> <p align="justify"><b><font size="4" face="tim"></font></b></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4" face="tim">➥ The graph of the server load appears in the Project Editor, as shown in the following figure. </font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4" face="tim">The graph of the server load should resemble the following graph. Your results may differ slightly due to differences in node placement and link length, but the general trends should be consistent.</font></p> <p align="justify"><b><font size="4" face="tim">Server Load Graph</font></b></p> <p align="justify"><a href="http://lh5.ggpht.com/--_qvphYeCYU/UpOBMTsod2I/AAAAAAAAE84/f7Zqgt138sM/s1600-h/image%25255B69%25255D.png"><font size="4" face="tim"><img title="image" style="border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; display: inline" border="0" alt="image" src="http://lh3.ggpht.com/-_Q0QA-tJbgc/UpOBOdGm7OI/AAAAAAAAE9A/EaPXi3UH2xE/image_thumb%25255B37%25255D.png?imgmax=800" width="509" height="514" /></font></a><font size="4" face="tim"> </font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4" face="tim"></font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4" face="tim">Note that at its peak, the load on the server is well below 6,000 bits/second. You will need this baseline for comparison after you add the second network.</font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4" face="tim">When you finish viewing the server load graph, close this dialog box and the View Results dialog box. (If the system prompts you, choose to delete the graph panel.)</font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4" face="tim">You also should look at the Global Ethernet Delay on the network. To view this statistic:</font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4"><font face="tim"><b>1 </b>Right-click in the workspace, then select <b>View</b> <b>Results </b>from the pop-up menu.<b> </b><b></b></font></font></p> <p align="justify"><b><font size="4" face="tim"></font></b></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4"><font face="tim"><b>2 </b>Check the box next to <b>Global Statistics ></b> <b>Ethernet > Delay</b>, then click the<b> Show </b>button to<b> </b>view the Ethernet delay for the whole network. <b></b></font></font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4" face="tim"></font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4" face="tim"></font></p> <p align="justify"><a href="http://lh6.ggpht.com/-M1gbG6UTbGY/UpOBPCJWidI/AAAAAAAAE9E/rBWMU_-JPIw/s1600-h/image%25255B73%25255D.png"><font size="4" face="tim"><img title="image" style="border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; display: inline" border="0" alt="image" src="http://lh6.ggpht.com/-cg_HhDRr4kA/UpOBRf9tiBI/AAAAAAAAE9Q/DfKl3689bWI/image_thumb%25255B39%25255D.png?imgmax=800" width="577" height="514" /></font></a><font size="4" face="tim"> </font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4" face="tim"></font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4" face="tim">➥ The Ethernet delay graph appears in the Project Editor.The graph should resemble the following figure. </font></p> <p align="justify"><a href="http://lh3.ggpht.com/-naP3sKE3L54/UpOBSmahWTI/AAAAAAAAE9Y/K_kyDjgQhF4/s1600-h/image%25255B77%25255D.png"><font size="4" face="tim"><img title="image" style="border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; display: inline" border="0" alt="image" src="http://lh3.ggpht.com/-hm4FGhzHGXo/UpOBWnmVhuI/AAAAAAAAE9g/xKyieXfTt4M/image_thumb%25255B41%25255D.png?imgmax=800" width="653" height="772" /></font></a><font size="4" face="tim"> </font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4" face="tim"></font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4" face="tim"></font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4" face="tim"></font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4" face="tim"></font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4" face="tim"></font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4" face="tim"></font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="4" face="tim"></font></p> <div id="scid:0767317B-992E-4b12-91E0-4F059A8CECA8:3046bf47-3c4b-49ae-9073-bec2f3cae6b6" class="wlWriterEditableSmartContent" style="float: none; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-left: 0px; margin: 0px; display: inline; padding-right: 0px">Technorati Tags: <a href="http://technorati.com/tags/itguru+tutorial" rel="tag">itguru tutorial</a>,<a href="http://technorati.com/tags/simulation+in+it+guru" rel="tag">simulation in it guru</a>,<a href="http://technorati.com/tags/opnet+it+guru+tutorial" rel="tag">opnet it guru tutorial</a>,<a href="http://technorati.com/tags/opnet+tutorial" rel="tag">opnet tutorial</a>,<a href="http://technorati.com/tags/itguru+tutorial+small+network" rel="tag">itguru tutorial small network</a></div> Usman Khanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16581732211609745919noreply@blogger.com6tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3132272184153628305.post-90717555220513513832013-11-11T13:42:00.001-08:002013-11-11T13:49:17.597-08:00Planning a Network with Different Users, Hosts, and Services<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<b><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Objective</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">The objective of this lab is to demonstrate the basics of designing a network, taking into consideration the users, services, and locations of the hosts.</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Overview</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Optimizing the design of a network is a major issue. Simulations are usually used to analyze the conceptual design of the network. The initial conceptual design is usually refined several times until a final decision is made to implement the design. The objective is to have a design that maximizes the network performance, taking into consideration the cost constraints and the required services to be offered to different types of users. After the network has been implemented, network optimization should be performed periodically throughout the lifetime of the network to ensure maximum performance of the network and to monitor the utilization of the network resources.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">In this lab you will design a network for a company that has four departments: Research, Engineering, E-Commerce, and Sales. You will utilize a LAN model that allows you to simulate multiple clients and servers in one simulation object. This model dramatically reduces both the amount of configuration work you need to perform and the amount of memory needed to execute the simulation. You will be able to define a profile that specifies the pattern of applications employed by the users of each department in the company. By the end of this lab, you will be able to study how different design decisions can affect the performance of the network.</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Procedure</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Create a New Project</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">1. Start <b>OPNET IT Guru Academic Edition</b> ⇒ Choose <b>New</b> from the <b>File</b> menu. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">2. Select <b>Project</b> and click <b>OK</b> ⇒ Name the project <<b>your initials>_NetDesign</b>, and the scenario <b>SimpleNetwork</b> ⇒ Click <b>OK</b>. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">3. In the <i>Startup Wizard: Initial Topology</i> dialog box, make sure that <b>Create Empty</b> <b>Scenario </b>is selected<b> </b>⇒<b> </b>Click<b> Next </b>⇒<b> </b>Choose<b> Campus </b>from the<b> </b><i>Network Scale</i><b> </b>list ⇒ Click <b>Next</b> ⇒ Choose <b>Miles</b> from the <b>Size</b> drop-down menu and assign <b>1</b> for both <b>X Span</b> and <b>Y Span</b> ⇒ Click <b>Next</b> twice ⇒ Click <b>OK</b>. </span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Create and Configure the Network</span></b></div>
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<strong><span style="font-family: Times; font-size: medium;"></span></strong></div>
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<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: times;"><b>Application Config </b>is<b> </b>used to specify applications that will be used to configure users profiles.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times; font-size: medium;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: times;"><b>Profile Config </b>describes<b> </b>the activity patterns of a user or group of users in terms of the applications used over a period of time. You must define the applications using the <b>Application Config</b> object before using this object.</span></span></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Initialize the Network:</span></i></div>
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<tr> <td valign="bottom" width="17">1.</td> <td valign="bottom" width="463">The <i>Object Palette</i> dialog box should be now on the top of your project space. If it</td> </tr>
<tr> <td valign="bottom" width="17"></td> <td valign="bottom" width="205">is not there, open it by clicking<a href="http://lh3.ggpht.com/-L_6cRqvMpDU/UoFOfne3uMI/AAAAAAAAExs/k1GLKu_OVOM/s1600-h/clip_image007%25255B4%25255D.jpg"><span style="color: black; font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><img alt="clip_image007" border="0" height="30" src="http://lh4.ggpht.com/-fHPCGy18P_8/UoFOg6aHwiI/AAAAAAAAEx0/CN4uGbX_nUs/clip_image007_thumb.jpg?imgmax=800" style="border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; border-right: 0px; border-top: 0px; display: inline;" title="clip_image007" width="29" /></span></a></td> <td valign="bottom" width="257"></td> </tr>
<tr> <td valign="bottom" width="17"></td> <td valign="bottom" width="463">. Make sure that the <b>internet_toolbox</b> is selected from the pull-down menu on the object palette.</td> </tr>
<tr> <td valign="bottom" width="17">2.</td> <td valign="bottom" width="463">Add to the project workspace the following objects from the palette: <b>Application Config, Profile Config and a subnet. </b></td> </tr>
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<span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">a. To add an object from a palette, click its icon in the object palette ⇒ Move your mouse to the workspace ⇒ Left-click to place the object. Right-click when finished. The workspace should contain the following three objects:</span></div>
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<a href="http://lh5.ggpht.com/-bFuNnVUJjwI/UoFOh95sPSI/AAAAAAAAEx8/QELkODdlumk/s1600-h/clip_image009%25255B3%25255D.jpg"><span style="color: black; font-family: times; font-size: medium;"></span></a><span style="color: black; font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><a href="http://lh5.ggpht.com/-bFuNnVUJjwI/UoFOh95sPSI/AAAAAAAAEyE/4hksQ3kafpg/s1600-h/clip_image009%25255B4%25255D.jpg"><img alt="clip_image009" border="0" height="357" src="http://lh5.ggpht.com/-p_AgVxGFtX8/UoFOj1fAkSI/AAAAAAAAEyM/J6D9QSXCvWU/clip_image009_thumb%25255B1%25255D.jpg?imgmax=800" style="border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; border-right: 0px; border-top: 0px; display: inline;" title="clip_image009" width="583" /></a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">3. Close the <i>Object Palette</i> dialog box and save your project.</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"></span></b></div>
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<a href="" name="page3"></a><i><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Configure the Services:</span></i></div>
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<span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Right-click on the <b>Application Config</b> node ⇒ <b>Edit Attributes</b> ⇒ Change the <b>name </b>attribute to<b> Applications </b>⇒<b> </b>Change the<b> Application Definitions </b>attribute<b> </b>to <b>Default</b> ⇒ Click <b>OK</b>. </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: times;">Right-click on the <b>Profile Config</b> node ⇒ <b>Edit Attributes</b> ⇒ Change the <b>name</b> attribute to <b>Profiles</b> ⇒ Change the <b>Profile Configuration</b> attribute to <b>Sample</b> <b>Profiles </b>⇒<b> </b>Click<b> OK</b>.<b> </b></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: times;"><b>Sample Profiles </b>provides patterns of applications employed by users such as<b> </b>engineers, researchers, salespeople, and multimedia users. </span></span></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Configure a Subnet:</span></i></div>
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<span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Right-click on the <b>subnet</b> node ⇒ <b>Edit Attributes</b> ⇒ Change the <b>name</b> attribute to <b>Engineering</b> and click <b>OK</b>. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Double-click on the <b>Engineering</b> node. You get an empty workspace, indicating that the subnet contains no objects. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Open the object palette </span><a href="http://lh3.ggpht.com/-3tMk1E9aWGw/UoFOk-7ip1I/AAAAAAAAEyU/zWu4OuHC4tw/s1600-h/clip_image010%25255B3%25255D.jpg"><span style="color: black; font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><img alt="clip_image010" border="0" height="30" src="http://lh6.ggpht.com/-ufwOR1RXAIk/UoFOmIyEdmI/AAAAAAAAEyc/BqsPdiXSeb4/clip_image010_thumb.jpg?imgmax=800" style="border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; border-right: 0px; border-top: 0px; display: inline;" title="clip_image010" width="29" /></span></a><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"> and make sure it is still set to <b>internet_toolbox</b>. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Add the following items to the subnet workspace: <b>10BaseT LAN</b>, <b>ethernet16</b> <b>Switch</b>, and a<b> 10BaseT link </b>to connect the LAN with the Switch<b> </b>⇒<b> </b>Close the<b> </b>palette. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Right-click on the <b>10BaseT LAN</b> node ⇒ <b>Edit Attributes</b> ⇒ Change the <b>name</b> attribute to <b>LAN</b> ⇒ Observe that the <b>Number of Workstations</b> attribute has a value of 10. Click in the <b>Value</b> column for the <b>Application: Supported Profiles</b> attribute, and select <b>Edit</b>. You should get a table in which you should do the following: </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Set the number of <b>rows</b> to <b>1</b>. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Set the <b>Profile Name</b> to <b>Engineer</b>. <i>Note:</i> <b>Engineer</b> is one of the “sample” profiles provided within the <b>Profile Config</b> object. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Click <b>OK</b> twice. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">The object we just created is equivalent to a 10-workstation star topology LAN. The traffic generated from the users of this LAN resembles that generated by “engineers.”</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: times;">Rename the <b>ethernet16 Switch</b> to <b>Switch.</b></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">The subnet should look like the shown one. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Save your project. </span></div>
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<a href="http://lh3.ggpht.com/-ppBvoxrPZnU/UoFOnHt9DGI/AAAAAAAAEyk/8Fs9Wlozoy8/s1600-h/clip_image012%25255B3%25255D.jpg"><span style="color: black; font-family: times; font-size: medium;"></span></a><span style="color: black; font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><a href="http://lh3.ggpht.com/-ppBvoxrPZnU/UoFOnHt9DGI/AAAAAAAAEys/1NmQ_TGRPa0/s1600-h/clip_image012%25255B4%25255D.jpg"><img alt="clip_image012" border="0" height="514" src="http://lh6.ggpht.com/-nf-opDEBqdw/UoFOpHL48II/AAAAAAAAEy0/OXriXJX6fog/clip_image012_thumb%25255B1%25255D.jpg?imgmax=800" style="border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; border-right: 0px; border-top: 0px; display: inline;" title="clip_image012" width="567" /></a></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"></span></b></div>
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<a href="" name="page4"></a><i><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Configure All Departments:</span></i></div>
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<span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Now you have completed the configuration of the Engineering department subnet. To go back to the main project space, click the <b>Go to the higher level</b> </span><a href="http://lh6.ggpht.com/--5JNCHz8EEo/UoFOqMtIH8I/AAAAAAAAEy8/7ngRGHIcTFA/s1600-h/clip_image014%25255B3%25255D.jpg"><span style="color: black; font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><img alt="clip_image014" border="0" height="31" src="http://lh4.ggpht.com/-T-y_nGMHBBI/UoFOrfx1ESI/AAAAAAAAEzE/FczhZrMTUuo/clip_image014_thumb.jpg?imgmax=800" style="border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; border-right: 0px; border-top: 0px; display: inline;" title="clip_image014" width="31" /></span></a><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"> button. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">The subnets of the other departments in the company should be similar to the engineering one except for the supported profiles.</span></div>
<ol start="start">
<li> <div align="justify">
<span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Make three copies of the <b>Engineering</b> subnet we just created: Click on the <b>Engineering </b>node<b> </b>⇒<b> </b>From the<b> Edit </b>menu, select<b> Copy </b>⇒<b> </b>From the<b> Edit </b>menu,<b> </b>select <b>Paste</b> three times, placing the subnet in the workspace after each, to create the new subnets. </span></div>
</li>
</ol>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">3. Rename (right-click on the subnet and select <b>Set Name</b>) and arrange the subnets as shown below: </span></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-family: Times; font-size: medium;"></span></div>
<div align="justify">
<a href="http://lh5.ggpht.com/-aGGHb9m_V_g/UoFOsf1elHI/AAAAAAAAEzM/U5BdYuzhjnU/s1600-h/clip_image016%25255B3%25255D.jpg"><span style="color: black; font-family: times; font-size: medium;"></span></a><span style="color: black; font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><a href="http://lh5.ggpht.com/-aGGHb9m_V_g/UoFOsf1elHI/AAAAAAAAEzU/ZtD6H7lEhxc/s1600-h/clip_image016%25255B4%25255D.jpg"><img alt="clip_image016" border="0" height="509" src="http://lh6.ggpht.com/-7h5rK3t7LR4/UoFOuj-ajzI/AAAAAAAAEzc/ysJ0MYTjXZY/clip_image016_thumb%25255B1%25255D.jpg?imgmax=800" style="border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; border-right: 0px; border-top: 0px; display: inline;" title="clip_image016" width="583" /></a></span></div>
<div align="justify">
<br /></div>
<div align="justify">
<br /></div>
<ol start="start">
<li> <div align="justify">
<span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Double-click the <b>Research</b> node ⇒ <b>Edit</b> the attributes of its <b>LAN</b> ⇒ <b>Edit</b> the value of the <b>Application: Supported Profiles</b> attribute ⇒ Change the value of the <b>Profile Name</b> from <b>Engineer</b> to <b>Researcher</b> ⇒ Click <b>OK</b> twice ⇒ Go to the higher level by clicking the </span><a href="http://lh5.ggpht.com/-aD0v70vqE74/UoFOvqMVnII/AAAAAAAAEzk/IVwMh9zAtDg/s1600-h/clip_image017%25255B4%25255D.jpg"><span style="color: black; font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><img alt="clip_image017" border="0" height="31" src="http://lh5.ggpht.com/-2y_uRkYaVDM/UoFOwzcYUCI/AAAAAAAAEzs/h88YCUlmeDI/clip_image017_thumb.jpg?imgmax=800" style="border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; border-right: 0px; border-top: 0px; display: inline;" title="clip_image017" width="31" /></span></a><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"> button. </span></div>
</li>
</ol>
<ol start="start">
<li> <div align="justify">
<span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Repeat step 4 with the <b>Sales</b> node and assign to its <b>Profile Name</b> the profile </span></div>
</li>
</ol>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: times;"><b>Sales Person</b>.<b> </b></span></span></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">6. Repeat step 4 with the <b>E-Commerce</b> node and assign to its <b>Profile Name</b> the profile <b>E-commerce Customer</b>. </span></div>
<ol start="start">
<li> <div align="justify">
<span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Save your project. </span></div>
</li>
</ol>
<div align="justify">
<b><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"></span></b></div>
<div align="justify">
<a href="" name="page5"></a><i><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Configure the Servers:</span></i></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Now we need to implement a subnet that contains the servers. The servers have to support the applications defined in the profiles we deployed. You can double-check those applications by editing the attributes of our <b>Profile</b> node. Inspect each row under the <b>Applications </b>hierarchy, which in turn, is under the<b> Profile Configuration </b>hierarchy. You<b> </b>will see that we need servers that support the following applications: Web browsing, Email, Telnet, File Transfer, Database, and File Print.</span></div>
<ol>
<li> <div align="justify">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: times;">Open the <b>Object Palette </b></span></span><a href="http://lh4.ggpht.com/-YXkCVbGn1yQ/UoFOxxY3_aI/AAAAAAAAEz0/kdQ-wKtiMhc/s1600-h/clip_image007%25255B1%25255D%25255B2%25255D.jpg"><span style="color: black; font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><img alt="clip_image007[1]" border="0" height="30" src="http://lh4.ggpht.com/--rYkvlHcas0/UoFOy55zhfI/AAAAAAAAEz8/CX4Pa3OZvcE/clip_image007%25255B1%25255D_thumb.jpg?imgmax=800" style="border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; border-right: 0px; border-top: 0px; display: inline;" title="clip_image007[1]" width="29" /></span></a><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"> and add a new <b>subnet</b> ⇒ Rename the new subnet to <b>Servers</b> ⇒ Double-click the <b>Servers</b> node to enter its workspace. </span></div>
</li>
</ol>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">2. From the <b>Object Palette</b>, add three <b>ethernet_servers</b>, one <b>ethernet16_switch</b>, and three <b>10BaseT</b> links to connect the servers with the switch. </span></div>
<ol start="start">
<li> <div align="justify">
<span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Close the <b>Object Palette</b>. </span></div>
</li>
</ol>
<ol start="start">
<li> <div align="justify">
<span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Rename the servers and the switch as follows: </span></div>
</li>
</ol>
<div align="justify">
<a href="http://lh6.ggpht.com/-4zkVP_7hopc/UoFOz0BBFKI/AAAAAAAAE0E/YXgwwfnwYXg/s1600-h/clip_image019%25255B3%25255D.jpg"><span style="color: black; font-family: times; font-size: medium;"></span></a><span style="color: black; font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><a href="http://lh6.ggpht.com/-4zkVP_7hopc/UoFOz0BBFKI/AAAAAAAAE0M/dGQZsVTca2o/s1600-h/clip_image019%25255B4%25255D.jpg"><img alt="clip_image019" border="0" height="514" src="http://lh4.ggpht.com/-FSWBnoS6Ygs/UoFO1-BXv7I/AAAAAAAAE0U/NPFSCr_XmKM/clip_image019_thumb%25255B1%25255D.jpg?imgmax=800" style="border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; border-right: 0px; border-top: 0px; display: inline;" title="clip_image019" width="445" /></a></span></div>
<div align="justify">
<br /></div>
<ol start="start">
<li> <div align="justify">
<span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Right-click on each one of the above servers and <b>Edit</b> the value of the </span></div>
</li>
</ol>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: times;"><b>Application: Supported Services </b>attribute.<b> </b></span></span></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: times;">i. For the <i>Web Server</i> add four rows to support the following services: <b>Web</b> <b>Browsing (Light HTTP1.1)</b>,<b> Web Browsing (Heavy HTTP1.1)</b>,<b> Email (Light)</b>, and<b> Telnet Session (Light)</b>.<b> </b></span></span></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: times;">ii. For the <i>File Server</i> add two rows to support the following services: <b>File</b> <b>Transfer (Light) </b>and<b> File Print (Light)</b>.<b> </b></span></span></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">iii. For the <i>Database Server</i> add one row to support the following service: </span></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: times;"><b>Database Access (Light)</b>.<b> </b></span></span></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: times;">6. Go back to the project space by clicking the <b>Go to the higher level </b></span></span><a href="http://lh4.ggpht.com/-z6ZD5VvycGg/UoFO2iNkIdI/AAAAAAAAE0c/HYD3In86l9w/s1600-h/clip_image017%25255B1%25255D%25255B2%25255D.jpg"><span style="color: black; font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><img alt="clip_image017[1]" border="0" height="31" src="http://lh5.ggpht.com/-pJ7L2SGGXdo/UoFO39IEvDI/AAAAAAAAE0k/FWHQVOy1km4/clip_image017%25255B1%25255D_thumb.jpg?imgmax=800" style="border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; border-right: 0px; border-top: 0px; display: inline;" title="clip_image017[1]" width="31" /></span></a><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"> button. </span></div>
<ol start="start">
<li> <div align="justify">
<span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Save your project. </span></div>
</li>
</ol>
<div align="justify">
<b><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"></span></b></div>
<div align="justify">
<a href="" name="page6"></a><i><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Connect the Subnets:</span></i></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Now all subnets are ready to be connected together.</span></div>
<ol>
<li> <div align="justify">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: times;"><b>Open </b>the<b> Object Palette </b></span></span><a href="http://lh6.ggpht.com/-RTBkpZOHpRY/UoFO4-jJZfI/AAAAAAAAE0s/vL5caoj9Xnc/s1600-h/clip_image020%25255B3%25255D.jpg"><span style="color: black; font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><img alt="clip_image020" border="0" height="30" src="http://lh6.ggpht.com/-lnEQi_27uIk/UoFO55bJCXI/AAAAAAAAE00/66RHXG3wCew/clip_image020_thumb.jpg?imgmax=800" style="border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; border-right: 0px; border-top: 0px; display: inline;" title="clip_image020" width="29" /></span></a><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"> and add four <b>100BaseT</b> links to connect the subnets of the departments to the <b>Servers</b> subnet. </span></div>
</li>
</ol>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">As you create each link, make sure that it is configured to connect the “switches” in both subnets to each other. Do this by choosing them from the drop-down menus as follows:</span></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-family: Times; font-size: medium;"></span></div>
<div align="justify">
<a href="http://lh6.ggpht.com/-a7Wa_GYJ264/UoFO62LJZUI/AAAAAAAAE08/lp1LTAztMq8/s1600-h/clip_image022%25255B3%25255D.jpg"><span style="color: black; font-family: times; font-size: medium;"></span></a><span style="color: black; font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><a href="http://lh6.ggpht.com/-a7Wa_GYJ264/UoFO62LJZUI/AAAAAAAAE1E/NXodss8PM5w/s1600-h/clip_image022%25255B4%25255D.jpg"><img alt="clip_image022" border="0" height="338" src="http://lh5.ggpht.com/-lMxW66hiFsI/UoFO9H63doI/AAAAAAAAE1M/b7bfsrZHuHI/clip_image022_thumb%25255B1%25255D.jpg?imgmax=800" style="border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; border-right: 0px; border-top: 0px; display: inline;" title="clip_image022" width="583" /></a></span></div>
<div align="justify">
<br /></div>
<ol start="start">
<li> <div align="justify">
<span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Close the <b>Object Palette</b>. </span></div>
</li>
</ol>
<ol start="start">
<li> <div align="justify">
<span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Now your network should resemble the following one: </span></div>
</li>
<li> <div align="justify">
<span style="font-family: Times; font-size: medium;"></span></div>
</li>
</ol>
<div align="justify">
<a href="http://lh4.ggpht.com/-FVfIfuXcj-o/UoFO-Jwi92I/AAAAAAAAE1U/qyR0AWLHUcQ/s1600-h/clip_image024%25255B3%25255D.jpg"><span style="color: black; font-family: times; font-size: medium;"></span></a><span style="color: black; font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><a href="http://lh4.ggpht.com/-FVfIfuXcj-o/UoFO-Jwi92I/AAAAAAAAE1c/jSannsfMyUA/s1600-h/clip_image024%25255B4%25255D.jpg"><img alt="clip_image024" border="0" height="514" src="http://lh5.ggpht.com/-Z-YIQzNCbJ8/UoFPAeOqfII/AAAAAAAAE1k/6zA0zTjeNdA/clip_image024_thumb%25255B1%25255D.jpg?imgmax=800" style="border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; border-right: 0px; border-top: 0px; display: inline;" title="clip_image024" width="572" /></a></span></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">4. Save your project.</span></div>
<div align="justify">
<b><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"></span></b></div>
<div align="justify">
<a href="" name="page7"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"></span></a></div>
<div align="justify">
<b><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Choose the Statistics</span></b></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">To test the performance of our network we will collect one of the many available statistics as follows:</span></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: times;">1. Right-click anywhere in the project workspace and select <b>Choose Individual</b> <b>Statistics </b>from the pop-up menu.<b> </b></span></span></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">2. In the <i>Choose Results</i> dialog box, choose the following statistic: </span></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-family: Times; font-size: medium;"></span></div>
<div align="justify">
<a href="http://lh5.ggpht.com/-rladFsFKHA8/UoFPBrDRjUI/AAAAAAAAE1s/8e1x2lAd77w/s1600-h/clip_image026%25255B3%25255D.jpg"><span style="color: black; font-family: times; font-size: medium;"></span></a><span style="color: black; font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><a href="http://lh5.ggpht.com/-rladFsFKHA8/UoFPBrDRjUI/AAAAAAAAE10/BUpoZy3D1ns/s1600-h/clip_image026%25255B4%25255D.jpg"><img alt="clip_image026" border="0" height="514" src="http://lh5.ggpht.com/-25YhJX5nQEg/UoFPEO-no0I/AAAAAAAAE18/A9ux9TLpvK0/clip_image026_thumb%25255B1%25255D.jpg?imgmax=800" style="border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; border-right: 0px; border-top: 0px; display: inline;" title="clip_image026" width="461" /></a></span></div>
<div align="justify">
<br /></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: times;"><b>Page Response Time </b>is the required time to retrieve the entire page.</span></span></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">3. Click <b>OK</b>.</span></div>
<div align="justify">
<b><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Configure the Simulation</span></b></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Here we need to configure the duration of the simulation:</span></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: times;">1. Click on the <b>Configure/Run Simulation </b></span></span><a href="http://lh6.ggpht.com/-hDrFHpQBz1E/UoFPFBd0SsI/AAAAAAAAE2E/EHg8BMj6S8A/s1600-h/clip_image028%25255B3%25255D.jpg"><span style="color: black; font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><img alt="clip_image028" border="0" height="33" src="http://lh3.ggpht.com/-Q7mZoCw-gaw/UoFPGZ-8sDI/AAAAAAAAE2M/mQNlgQJiarU/clip_image028_thumb.jpg?imgmax=800" style="border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; border-right: 0px; border-top: 0px; display: inline;" title="clip_image028" width="31" /></span></a><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"> button. </span></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">2. Set the duration to be <b>30.0 minutes</b>. </span></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">3. Press <b>OK</b>. </span></div>
<div align="justify">
<b><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"></span></b></div>
<div align="justify">
<a href="" name="page8"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"></span></a></div>
<div align="justify">
<b><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Duplicate the Scenario</span></b></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: times;"><b>Link utilization </b>is the<b> </b>percentage of the used link bandwidth.</span></span></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">In the network we just created we assumed that there is no background traffic already in the links. In real networks, the links usually have some existing background traffic. We will create a duplicate of the <b>SimpleNetwork</b> scenario but with background utilization in the 100BaseT links.</span></div>
<ol>
<li> <div align="justify">
<span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Select <b>Duplicate Scenario</b> from the <b>Scenarios</b> menu and give it the name </span></div>
</li>
</ol>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: times;"><b>BusyNetwork </b>⇒<b> </b>Click<b> OK</b>.<b> </b></span></span></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: times;">2. Select all the 100BaseT links simultaneously (click on all of them while holding the <b>Shift </b>key)<b> </b>⇒<b> </b>Right-click on anyone of them<b> </b>⇒<b> Edit Attributes </b>⇒<b> </b>Check the<b> </b></span></span></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: times;"><b>Apply Changes to Selected Objects </b>check box.<b> </b></span></span></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: times;">3. Expand the hierarchy of the <b>Background Utilization</b> attribute ⇒ Expand the <b>row</b> <b>0 </b>hierarchy<b> </b>⇒<b> </b>Assign<b> 99 </b>to the<b> background utilization (%) </b>as shown below.<b> </b></span></span></div>
<div align="justify">
<strong><span style="font-family: Times; font-size: medium;"></span></strong></div>
<div align="justify">
<a href="http://lh5.ggpht.com/-Ay2U8Uqu2Nw/UoFPHfFSkdI/AAAAAAAAE2U/qcyIlHyKYtY/s1600-h/clip_image030%25255B3%25255D.jpg"><span style="color: black; font-family: times; font-size: medium;"></span></a><span style="color: black; font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><a href="http://lh5.ggpht.com/-Ay2U8Uqu2Nw/UoFPHfFSkdI/AAAAAAAAE2c/3T6kW9b0r9s/s1600-h/clip_image030%25255B4%25255D.jpg"><img alt="clip_image030" border="0" height="415" src="http://lh6.ggpht.com/-_ylPhD-bLf0/UoFPKFuE1hI/AAAAAAAAE2k/6EEPhINwji0/clip_image030_thumb%25255B1%25255D.jpg?imgmax=800" style="border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; border-right: 0px; border-top: 0px; display: inline;" title="clip_image030" width="583" /></a></span></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"></span></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">4. Click <b>OK</b>. </span></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">5. Save your project. </span></div>
<div align="justify">
<b><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"></span></b></div>
<div align="justify">
<a href="" name="page9"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"></span></a></div>
<div align="justify">
<b><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Run the Simulation</span></b></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">To run the simulation for both scenarios simultaneously:</span></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">1. Go to the <b>Scenarios</b> menu ⇒ Select <b>Manage Scenarios</b>. </span></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">2. Change the values under the <b>Results</b> column to <b><collect></b> (or <b><recollect></b>) for both scenarios. Compare to the following figure. </span></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-family: Times; font-size: medium;"></span></div>
<div align="justify">
<a href="http://lh3.ggpht.com/-FgslL5x3fzk/UoFPLX94PaI/AAAAAAAAE2s/oBh1NEVSBrU/s1600-h/clip_image032%25255B3%25255D.jpg"><span style="color: black; font-family: times; font-size: medium;"></span></a><span style="color: black; font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><a href="http://lh3.ggpht.com/-FgslL5x3fzk/UoFPLX94PaI/AAAAAAAAE20/4LMpeMl2InI/s1600-h/clip_image032%25255B4%25255D.jpg"><img alt="clip_image032" border="0" height="292" src="http://lh3.ggpht.com/-ovZe-Wv_wmE/UoFPN1POQgI/AAAAAAAAE28/6GGkw9vD2gk/clip_image032_thumb%25255B1%25255D.jpg?imgmax=800" style="border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; border-right: 0px; border-top: 0px; display: inline;" title="clip_image032" width="583" /></a></span></div>
<div align="justify">
<br /></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">3. Click <b>OK</b> to run the two simulations. Depending on the speed of your processor, this may take several seconds to complete. </span></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">4. After the two simulation runs complete (one for each scenario), click <b>Close</b>. </span></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">5. Save your project. </span></div>
<div align="justify">
<b><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"></span></b></div>
<div align="justify">
<a href="" name="page10"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"></span></a></div>
<div align="justify">
<b><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">View the Results</span></b></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">To view and analyze the results:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">1. Select <b>Compare Results</b> from the <b>Results</b> menu. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">2. Change the drop-down menu in the lower-right part of the <i>Compare Results</i> dialog box from <b>As Is</b> to <b>time_average</b> as shown. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times; font-size: medium;"></span></div>
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<a href="http://lh5.ggpht.com/-UhFyVf8S6fg/UoFPO94Ig2I/AAAAAAAAE3E/38VCIGdwC4A/s1600-h/clip_image034%25255B3%25255D.jpg"><span style="color: black; font-family: times; font-size: medium;"></span></a><span style="color: black; font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><a href="http://lh5.ggpht.com/-UhFyVf8S6fg/UoFPO94Ig2I/AAAAAAAAE3M/aC95i8geJG4/s1600-h/clip_image034%25255B4%25255D.jpg"><img alt="clip_image034" border="0" height="339" src="http://lh5.ggpht.com/-_lbLDWjZsT4/UoFPRowNhGI/AAAAAAAAE3U/zwEnFcgWJr8/clip_image034_thumb%25255B1%25255D.jpg?imgmax=800" style="border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; border-right: 0px; border-top: 0px; display: inline;" title="clip_image034" width="583" /></a></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">3. Select the <b>Page Response Time (seconds)</b> statistic and click <b>Show</b>. The resulting graph should resemble the one below. (<i>Note:</i> Results may vary slightly due to different node placement.) </span></div>
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<a href="http://lh5.ggpht.com/-OCUiTIbbjBE/UoFPSlSNDGI/AAAAAAAAE3c/_FcmQTnS0nw/s1600-h/clip_image036%25255B3%25255D.jpg"><span style="color: black; font-family: times; font-size: medium;"></span></a><span style="color: black; font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><a href="http://lh5.ggpht.com/-OCUiTIbbjBE/UoFPSlSNDGI/AAAAAAAAE3k/1N9A2uZCsX8/s1600-h/clip_image036%25255B4%25255D.jpg"><img alt="clip_image036" border="0" height="514" src="http://lh5.ggpht.com/-oRgYqLU3tT4/UoFPVQM2xGI/AAAAAAAAE3s/oFnrpoio_Cw/clip_image036_thumb%25255B1%25255D.jpg?imgmax=800" style="border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; border-right: 0px; border-top: 0px; display: inline;" title="clip_image036" width="502" /></a></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Questions</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: times;"><b>1) </b>Analyze the result we obtained regarding the HTTP page response time. Collect four other statistics, of your choice, and rerun the simulation of the <i>Simple</i> and the <i>Busy </i>network scenarios. Get the graphs that compare the collected statistics.<i> </i>Comment on these results. <b></b></span></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: times;"><b>2) </b>In the <b>BusyNetwork</b> scenario, study the <b>utilization%</b> of the CPUs in the servers (Right-click on each server and select <b>Choose Individual Statistics</b> ⇒ <b>CPU</b> ⇒ <b>Utilization</b>).<b> </b><b></b></span></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: times;"><b>3) </b>Create a new scenario as a duplicate of the <b>BusyNetwork</b> scenario. Name the new scenario <b>Q3_OneServer</b>. Replace the three servers with only one server that supports all required services. Study the <b>utilization%</b> of that server’s CPU. Compare this utilization with the three CPU utilizations you obtained in the previous question. <b></b></span></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: times;"><b>4) </b>Create a new scenario as a duplicate of the <b>BusyNetwork</b> scenario. Name the new scenario <b>Q4_FasterNetwork.</b> In the <b>Q4_FasterNetwork</b> scenario, replace all <b>100BaseT</b> links in the network with <b>10Gbps Ethernet</b> links and replace all <b>10BaseT </b>links with<b> 100BaseT </b>links. Study how increasing the bandwidth of the<b> </b>links affects the performance of the network in the new scenario (e.g., compare the HTTP page response time in the new scenario with that of the </span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: times;"><b>BusyNetwork</b>).<b> </b><b></b></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"></span></div>
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Usman Khanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16581732211609745919noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3132272184153628305.post-45990858977207567982013-11-11T12:04:00.001-08:002015-05-07T23:58:11.875-07:00A Set of Local Area Networks Interconnected by Switches<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<b><span style="font-family: times n; font-size: medium;">Objective</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: times n; font-size: medium;">This lab is designed to demonstrate the implementation of switched local area networks. The simulation in this lab will help you examine the performance of different implementations of local area networks connected by switches and hubs.</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: times n; font-size: medium;">Overview</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: times n; font-size: medium;">There is a limit to how many hosts can be attached to a single network and to the size of a geographic area that a single network can serve. Computer networks use switches to enable the communication between one host and another, even when no direct connection exists between those hosts. A switch is a device with several inputs and outputs leading to and from the hosts that the switch interconnects. The core job of a switch is to take packets that arrive on an input and forward (or switch) them to the right output so that they will reach their appropriate destination.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: times n; font-size: medium;">A key problem that a switch must deal with is the finite bandwidth of its outputs. If packets destined for a certain output arrive at a switch and their arrival rate exceeds the capacity of that output, then we have a problem of contention. In this case, the switch will queue, or buffer, packets until the contention subsides. If it lasts too long, however, the switch will run out of buffer space and be forced to discard packets. When packets are discarded too frequently, the switch is said to be congested.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: times n; font-size: medium;">In this lab you will set up switched LANs using two different switching devices: hubs and switches. A hub forwards the packet that arrives on any of its inputs on all the outputs regardless of the destination of the packet. On the other hand, a switch forwards incoming packets to one or more outputs depending on the destination(s) of the packets. You will study how the throughput and collision of packets in a switched network are affected by the configuration of the network and the types of switching devices that are used.</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: times n; font-size: medium;"></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: times n; font-size: medium;">Procedure</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: times n; font-size: medium;">Create a New Project</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: times n; font-size: medium;">1. Start the <b>OPNET IT Guru Academic Edition</b> ⇒ Choose <b>New</b> from the <b>File</b> menu. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: times n; font-size: medium;">2. Select <b>Project</b> and click <b>OK</b> ⇒ Name the project </span><span style="font-family: times n; font-size: medium;"><<b>your initials>_SwitchedLAN</b>, and the scenario <b>OnlyHub</b> ⇒ Click <b>OK</b>. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: times n; font-size: medium;">3. In the <i>Startup Wizard: Initial Topology</i> dialog box, make sure that <b>Create Empty</b> <b>Scenario </b>is selected<b> </b>⇒<b> </b>Click<b> Next </b>⇒<b> </b>Choose<b> Office </b>from the<b> </b><i>Network Scale</i><b> </b>list<b> </b>⇒ Click <b>Next</b> three times ⇒ Click <b>OK</b>. </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: times n;">4. <b>Close </b>the<b> </b><i>Object Palette</i><b> </b>dialog box.<b> </b></span></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: times n; font-size: medium;"></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: times n; font-size: medium;">Create the Network</span></b></div>
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<strong><span style="font-size: medium;"></span></strong></div>
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<span style="font-family: times n; font-size: medium;">The prefix <b>ethernet16_</b> indicates that the device supports up to 16 Ethernet connections.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: times n; font-size: medium;">The <b>10BaseT</b> link represents an Ethernet connection operating at 10 Mbps.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: times n; font-size: medium;">To create our switched LAN:</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: times n;">Select <b>Topology</b> ⇒ <b>Rapid Configuration</b>. From the drop-down menu choose <b>Star </b>and click<b> OK</b>.<b> </b></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: times n;">2. Click the <b>Select Models</b> button in the <i>Rapid Configuration</i> dialog box. From the <i>Model List </i>drop-down menu choose<i> </i><b>ethernet</b><i> </i>and click<i> </i><b>OK</b>.<i> </i></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: times n;">3. In the <i>Rapid Configuration</i> dialog box, set the following five values: <b>Center Node </b></span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: times n;"><b>Model = ethernet16_hub</b>,<b> Periphery Node Model = ethernet_station</b>,<b> Link Model = 10BaseT</b>,<b> Number=16</b>,<b> Y=50</b>, and<b> Radius = 42 </b>⇒<b> </b>Click<b> OK</b>.</span></span></div>
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<a href="http://lh6.ggpht.com/-gKnpTq8LiAs/UoE3jza5V2I/AAAAAAAAEsE/eltW05H0NCw/s1600-h/clip_image008%25255B3%25255D.jpg"><span style="font-family: times n; font-size: medium;"></span></a><span style="font-family: times n; font-size: medium;"><a href="http://lh6.ggpht.com/-gKnpTq8LiAs/UoE3jza5V2I/AAAAAAAAEsM/K5E3HZdiKaQ/s1600-h/clip_image008%25255B4%25255D.jpg"><img alt="clip_image008" border="0" src="http://lh6.ggpht.com/-iSGVeGWO9Ps/UoE3l2xt0dI/AAAAAAAAEsU/IceqEqeQKv0/clip_image008_thumb%25255B1%25255D.jpg?imgmax=800" height="368" style="border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; border-right: 0px; border-top: 0px; display: inline;" title="clip_image008" width="583" /></a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: times n; font-size: medium;">4. Right-click on <b>node_16</b>, which is the hub ⇒ <b>Edit Attributes</b> ⇒ Change the <b>name</b> attribute to <b>Hub1</b> and click <b>OK</b>. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: times n; font-size: medium;">5. Now that you have created the network, it should look like the following one. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: times n; font-size: medium;">6. Make sure to save your project. </span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: times n; font-size: medium;"></span></b></div>
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<a href="http://lh4.ggpht.com/-2qKAr-HVm1I/UoE3mt0gPII/AAAAAAAAEsY/2WYSYxw11bk/s1600-h/9898%25255B3%25255D.png"><img alt="9898" border="0" src="http://lh3.ggpht.com/-SCFhIN3Ijw0/UoE3oDm9pXI/AAAAAAAAEsk/Bq2j1O3-s2s/9898_thumb%25255B1%25255D.png?imgmax=800" height="514" style="border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; border-right: 0px; border-top: 0px; display: inline;" title="9898" width="506" /></a> </div>
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3132272184153628305" name="page3"></a> <br />
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<b><span style="font-family: times n; font-size: medium;"></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: times n; font-size: medium;">Configure the Network Nodes</span></b></div>
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<strong><span style="font-size: medium;"></span></strong></div>
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<span style="font-family: times n; font-size: medium;">Here you will configure the traffic generated by the stations.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: times n;">1. Right-click on any of the 16 stations (node_0 to node_15) ⇒ <b>Select Similar</b> <b>Nodes</b>. Now all stations in the network are selected.<b> </b></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: times n;">2. Right-click on any of the 16 stations ⇒ <b>Edit Attributes.</b></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: times n; font-size: medium;">a. Check the <b>Apply Changes to Selected Objects</b> check box. This is important to avoid reconfiguring each node individually. </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: times n;">3. Expand the hierarchies of the <b>Traffic Generation Parameters</b> attribute and the <b>Packet Generation Arguments </b>attribute<b> </b>⇒<b> </b>Set the following four values:<b> </b></span></span></div>
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<a href="http://lh6.ggpht.com/-4tMlblvQiRQ/UoE3pCjoqzI/AAAAAAAAEss/jIs0Dtc3NHc/s1600-h/clip_image012%25255B3%25255D.jpg"><span style="font-family: times n; font-size: medium;"></span></a><span style="font-family: times n; font-size: medium;"><a href="http://lh6.ggpht.com/-4tMlblvQiRQ/UoE3pCjoqzI/AAAAAAAAEs0/OITgjZ5DS8A/s1600-h/clip_image012%25255B5%25255D.jpg"><img alt="clip_image012" border="0" src="http://lh4.ggpht.com/-RhXwOXJ1msY/UoE3rGtmF_I/AAAAAAAAEs8/pbST45N7P28/clip_image012_thumb%25255B2%25255D.jpg?imgmax=800" height="484" style="border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; border-right: 0px; border-top: 0px; display: inline;" title="clip_image012" width="583" /></a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: times n; font-size: medium;">4. Click <b>OK</b> to close the attribute editing window(s). Save your project.</span></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3132272184153628305" name="page4"><span style="font-family: times n; font-size: medium;"></span></a></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: times n; font-size: medium;">Choose Statistics</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: times n; font-size: medium;">To choose the statistics to be collected during the simulation:</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: times n;">1. Right-click anywhere in the project workspace and select <b>Choose Individual</b> <b>Statistics </b>from the pop-up menu.<b> </b></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: times n; font-size: medium;">2. In the <i>Choose Results</i> dialog box, choose the following four statistics: </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: times n; font-size: medium;">The <b>Ethernet Delay</b> represents the end to end delay of all packets received by all the stations.</span></div>
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<a href="http://lh5.ggpht.com/-__8oGMO3GO0/UoE3sAWPTsI/AAAAAAAAEtE/eTN3pU78VM8/s1600-h/clip_image014%25255B3%25255D.jpg"><span style="font-family: times n; font-size: medium;"></span></a><span style="font-family: times n; font-size: medium;"><a href="http://lh5.ggpht.com/-__8oGMO3GO0/UoE3sAWPTsI/AAAAAAAAEtM/ffpnOhzwkn4/s1600-h/clip_image014%25255B10%25255D.jpg"><img alt="clip_image014" border="0" src="http://lh6.ggpht.com/-KwSKcwFXsxI/UoE3twhx6UI/AAAAAAAAEtQ/w6CTdw2odvI/clip_image014_thumb%25255B7%25255D.jpg?imgmax=800" height="514" style="border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; border-right: 0px; border-top: 0px; display: inline;" title="clip_image014" width="431" /></a></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: times n;"><b>Traffic Received </b>(in<b> </b>packets/sec) by the traffic sinks across all nodes.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: times n;"><b>Traffic Sent </b>(in<b> </b>packets/sec) by the traffic sources across all nodes.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: times n;"><b>Collision Count </b>is the<b> </b>total number of collisions encountered by the hub during packet transmissions.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: times n; font-size: medium;">3. Click <b>OK</b>.</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: times n; font-size: medium;">Configure the Simulation</span></b></div>
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<strong><span style="font-size: medium;"></span></strong></div>
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<span style="font-family: times n; font-size: medium;">Here we need to configure the duration of the simulation:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: times n; font-size: medium;">1. Click on the <b>Configure/Run Simulation</b> button: </span><a href="http://lh5.ggpht.com/-ZgEyX8sCzYg/UoE3u2-4r9I/AAAAAAAAEtc/ILB5UG1KV-I/s1600-h/clip_image016%25255B3%25255D.jpg"><span style="font-family: times n; font-size: medium;"><img alt="clip_image016" border="0" src="http://lh6.ggpht.com/-6xXlFcdqo7s/UoE3vs2y75I/AAAAAAAAEtk/gLHqsF0L7DU/clip_image016_thumb.jpg?imgmax=800" height="33" style="border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; border-right: 0px; border-top: 0px; display: inline;" title="clip_image016" width="31" /></span></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: times n; font-size: medium;">2. Set the duration to be <b>2.0 minutes</b>. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: times n; font-size: medium;">3. Click <b>OK</b>. </span></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3132272184153628305" name="page5"><span style="font-family: times n; font-size: medium;"></span></a></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: times n; font-size: medium;">Duplicate the Scenario</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: times n; font-size: medium;">The network we just created utilizes only one hub to connect the 16 stations. We need to create another network that utilizes a switch and see how this will affect the performance of the network. To do that we will create a duplicate of the current network:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: times n; font-size: medium;">1. Select <b>Duplicate Scenario</b> from the <b>Scenarios</b> menu and give it the name </span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: times n;"><b>HubAndSwitch </b>⇒<b> </b>Click<b> OK</b>.<b> </b></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: times n; font-size: medium;">2. Open the <b>Object Palette</b> by clicking on </span><a href="http://lh4.ggpht.com/-YruCsK2w6FU/UoE3wfthyjI/AAAAAAAAEts/3zWVcUGDJVk/s1600-h/clip_image018%25255B3%25255D.jpg"><span style="font-family: times n; font-size: medium;"><img alt="clip_image018" border="0" src="http://lh5.ggpht.com/-bCaQsmPYhTs/UoE3xBYLdtI/AAAAAAAAEtw/_nciEemilE4/clip_image018_thumb.jpg?imgmax=800" height="30" style="border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; border-right: 0px; border-top: 0px; display: inline;" title="clip_image018" width="29" /></span></a><span style="font-family: times n; font-size: medium;">. Make sure that <b>Ethernet</b> is selected in the pull-down menu on the object palette. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: times n; font-size: medium;">3. We need to place a hub and a switch in the new scenario. (They are circled in the following figure.) </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: medium;"></span></div>
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<a href="http://lh5.ggpht.com/-L6SsueuuTJc/UoE3yPrv3cI/AAAAAAAAEt4/thZZwLoqxk4/s1600-h/clip_image020%25255B3%25255D.jpg"><span style="font-family: times n; font-size: medium;"></span></a><span style="font-family: times n; font-size: medium;"><a href="http://lh5.ggpht.com/-L6SsueuuTJc/UoE3yPrv3cI/AAAAAAAAEuE/Id8w9SsKoWs/s1600-h/clip_image020%25255B4%25255D.jpg"><img alt="clip_image020" border="0" src="http://lh3.ggpht.com/-8tqVy48--MU/UoE30Ti8BbI/AAAAAAAAEuM/xhQ1_z5nTu8/clip_image020_thumb%25255B1%25255D.jpg?imgmax=800" height="279" style="border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; border-right: 0px; border-top: 0px; display: inline;" title="clip_image020" width="583" /></a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: times n; font-size: medium;">4. To add the <b>Hub</b>, click its icon in the object palette ⇒ Move your mouse to the workspace ⇒ Click to drop the hub at a location you select. Right-click to indicate you are done deploying hub objects. </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: times n;">5. Similarly, add the <b>Switch</b></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: times n; font-size: medium;">6. Close the <b>Object Palette</b>. </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: times n;">7. Right-click on the new hub ⇒ <b>Edit Attributes</b> ⇒ Change the <b>name</b> attribute to <b>Hub2 </b>and click<b> OK</b>.<b> </b></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: times n;">8. Right-click on the switch ⇒ <b>Edit Attributes</b> ⇒ Change the <b>name</b> attribute to <b>Switch </b>and click<b> OK</b>.<b> </b></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: times n; font-size: medium;">9. Reconfigure the network of the <b>HubAndSwitch</b> scenario so that it looks like the following one. </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: medium;"></span></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: times n; font-size: medium;">Hints: </span></i></div>
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<span style="font-family: times n; font-size: medium;">a. To remove a link, select it and choose <b>Cut</b> from the <b>Edit</b> menu (or simply hit the <b>Delete</b> key). You can select multiple links and delete all of them at once. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: times n; font-size: medium;">b. To add a new link, use the <b>10BaseT</b> link available in the <b>Object Palette</b>. </span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: times n; font-size: medium;"></span></b></div>
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<a href="http://lh4.ggpht.com/-tFO7ZiO6xxg/UoE31C5qbaI/AAAAAAAAEuU/8Qr7aJeYPps/s1600-h/image%25255B3%25255D.png"><img alt="image" border="0" src="http://lh5.ggpht.com/-c_swauV7Fu4/UoE32v-xQYI/AAAAAAAAEuc/gKLwyPdg14A/image_thumb%25255B1%25255D.png?imgmax=800" height="514" style="border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; border-right: 0px; border-top: 0px; display: inline;" title="image" width="518" /></a> </div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3132272184153628305" name="page6"></a> <br />
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<span style="font-family: times n; font-size: medium;">10. Save your project.</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: times n; font-size: medium;"></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: times n; font-size: medium;">Run the Simulation</span></b></div>
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<strong><span style="font-size: medium;"></span></strong></div>
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<span style="font-family: times n; font-size: medium;">To run the simulation for both scenarios simultaneously:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: times n; font-size: medium;">1. Select <b>Manage Scenarios</b> from the <b>Scenarios</b> menu. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: times n; font-size: medium;">2. Change the values under the <b>Results</b> column to <b><collect></b> (or <b><recollect></b>) for both scenarios. Compare to the following figure. </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: medium;"></span></div>
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<a href="http://lh3.ggpht.com/-nGJ8LxvmxqE/UoE33tf_W9I/AAAAAAAAEuk/VxcPWhDeLLk/s1600-h/clip_image024%25255B3%25255D.jpg"><span style="font-family: times n; font-size: medium;"></span></a><span style="font-family: times n; font-size: medium;"><a href="http://lh3.ggpht.com/-nGJ8LxvmxqE/UoE33tf_W9I/AAAAAAAAEus/wqdf00_WC2w/s1600-h/clip_image024%25255B4%25255D.jpg"><img alt="clip_image024" border="0" src="http://lh3.ggpht.com/-1RUkYLRXDFA/UoE35eqoHPI/AAAAAAAAEu0/rCriav1emGw/clip_image024_thumb%25255B1%25255D.jpg?imgmax=800" height="209" style="border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; border-right: 0px; border-top: 0px; display: inline;" title="clip_image024" width="583" /></a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: times n; font-size: medium;">3. Click <b>OK</b> to run the two simulations. Depending on the speed of your processor, this may take several minutes to complete. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: times n; font-size: medium;">4. After the two simulation runs complete, one for each scenario, click <b>Close</b>. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: times n; font-size: medium;">5. Save your project. </span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: times n; font-size: medium;"></span></b></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3132272184153628305" name="page7"><span style="font-family: times n; font-size: medium;"></span></a></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: times n; font-size: medium;">View the Results</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: times n; font-size: medium;">To view and analyze the results:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: times n; font-size: medium;">1. Select <b>Compare Results</b> from the <b>Results</b> menu.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: medium;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: times n; font-size: medium;">2. Change the drop-down menu in the lower-right part of the <i>Compare Results</i> dialog box from <b>As Is</b> to <b>time_average,</b> as shown. </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: medium;"></span></div>
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<a href="http://lh3.ggpht.com/-ZA4W4SDuGnA/UoE36Rd8JcI/AAAAAAAAEu8/G4pdjNT7mzM/s1600-h/clip_image026%25255B3%25255D.jpg"><span style="font-family: times n; font-size: medium;"></span></a><span style="font-family: times n; font-size: medium;"><a href="http://lh3.ggpht.com/-ZA4W4SDuGnA/UoE36Rd8JcI/AAAAAAAAEvE/HdLoalbJ4d0/s1600-h/clip_image026%25255B4%25255D.jpg"><img alt="clip_image026" border="0" src="http://lh5.ggpht.com/-6lP8udG9TwM/UoE387IoRcI/AAAAAAAAEvM/G-Eae5zZzew/clip_image026_thumb%25255B1%25255D.jpg?imgmax=800" height="375" style="border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; border-right: 0px; border-top: 0px; display: inline;" title="clip_image026" width="583" /></a></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: times n; font-size: medium;">3. Select the <b>Traffic Sent (packets/sec)</b> statistic and click <b>Show</b>. The resulting graph should resemble the one below. As you can see, the traffic sent in both scenarios is almost identical. </span></div>
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<a href="http://lh4.ggpht.com/-Jslsy-xd828/UoE39pkoDMI/AAAAAAAAEvU/KBC8u_-u6sc/s1600-h/clip_image028%25255B3%25255D.jpg"><span style="font-family: times n; font-size: medium;"></span></a><span style="font-family: times n; font-size: medium;"><a href="http://lh4.ggpht.com/-Jslsy-xd828/UoE39pkoDMI/AAAAAAAAEvc/4__4xke4ggs/s1600-h/clip_image028%25255B4%25255D.jpg"><img alt="clip_image028" border="0" src="http://lh3.ggpht.com/-9SDhv_z-CdQ/UoE4ALQZ5bI/AAAAAAAAEvk/TJPoJQgACUo/clip_image028_thumb%25255B1%25255D.jpg?imgmax=800" height="514" style="border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; border-right: 0px; border-top: 0px; display: inline;" title="clip_image028" width="500" /></a></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: times n; font-size: medium;"></span></b></div>
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<strong><span style="font-size: medium;"></span></strong></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3132272184153628305" name="page8"><span style="font-family: times n; font-size: medium;"></span></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: times n; font-size: medium;">4. Select the <b>Traffic Received (packets/sec)</b> statistic and click <b>Show</b>. The resulting graph should resemble the one below. As you see, the traffic received with the second scenario, <b>HubAndSwitch</b>, is higher than that of the <b>OnlyHub</b> scenario. </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: medium;"></span></div>
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<a href="http://lh3.ggpht.com/-Axmn8DhpOXA/UoE4A0AyLAI/AAAAAAAAEvs/lMg35S3Rh9w/s1600-h/clip_image030%25255B3%25255D.jpg"><span style="font-family: times n; font-size: medium;"></span></a><span style="font-family: times n; font-size: medium;"><a href="http://lh3.ggpht.com/-Axmn8DhpOXA/UoE4A0AyLAI/AAAAAAAAEv4/Sv5KsPmjnxo/s1600-h/clip_image030%25255B4%25255D.jpg"><img alt="clip_image030" border="0" src="http://lh6.ggpht.com/-uhEyYmFLPlk/UoE4DC20AEI/AAAAAAAAEwA/deXsa_rcODs/clip_image030_thumb%25255B1%25255D.jpg?imgmax=800" height="514" style="border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; border-right: 0px; border-top: 0px; display: inline;" title="clip_image030" width="505" /></a></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: times n; font-size: medium;">5. Select the <b>Delay (sec)</b> statistic and click <b>Show</b>. The resulting graph should resemble the one below. (<i>Note:</i> Result may vary slightly due to different node placement.) </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: medium;"></span></div>
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<a href="http://lh6.ggpht.com/-U4lA0WIuCCI/UoE4D0ud5sI/AAAAAAAAEwI/cyhrc3AxHMI/s1600-h/clip_image032%25255B3%25255D.jpg"><span style="font-family: times n; font-size: medium;"></span></a><span style="font-family: times n; font-size: medium;"><a href="http://lh6.ggpht.com/-U4lA0WIuCCI/UoE4D0ud5sI/AAAAAAAAEwQ/ra3K9YCcP1g/s1600-h/clip_image032%25255B4%25255D.jpg"><img alt="clip_image032" border="0" src="http://lh6.ggpht.com/-8jym9ZJ-jtk/UoE4F2axinI/AAAAAAAAEwY/2YtfWr6fLAs/clip_image032_thumb%25255B1%25255D.jpg?imgmax=800" height="514" style="border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; border-right: 0px; border-top: 0px; display: inline;" title="clip_image032" width="497" /></a></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: times n; font-size: medium;"></span></b></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3132272184153628305" name="page9"></a><span style="font-family: times n; font-size: medium;">6. Select the <b>Collision Count</b> statistic for <b>Hub1</b> and click <b>Show</b>. </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: medium;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: times n;">7. On the resulting graph right-click anywhere on the <i>graph area</i> ⇒ Choose <b>Add</b> <b>Statistic </b>⇒<b> </b>Expand the hierarchies as shown below<b> </b>⇒<b> </b>Select the<b> Collision Count </b>statistic for<b> Hub2 </b>⇒<b> </b>Change<b> As Is </b>to<b> time_average </b>⇒<b> </b>Click<b> Add. </b></span></span></div>
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<strong><span style="font-size: medium;"></span></strong></div>
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<a href="http://lh4.ggpht.com/-7iPGjOutHQU/UoE4GyFTBZI/AAAAAAAAEwg/fTNSpGoMEIg/s1600-h/clip_image034%25255B3%25255D.jpg"><span style="font-family: times n; font-size: medium;"></span></a><span style="font-family: times n; font-size: medium;"><a href="http://lh4.ggpht.com/-7iPGjOutHQU/UoE4GyFTBZI/AAAAAAAAEwo/zfRYs1vJUXE/s1600-h/clip_image034%25255B4%25255D.jpg"><img alt="clip_image034" border="0" src="http://lh5.ggpht.com/-NLhnIhoSfIk/UoE4I1LcUjI/AAAAAAAAEww/ia3lxl8acCE/clip_image034_thumb%25255B1%25255D.jpg?imgmax=800" height="397" style="border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; border-right: 0px; border-top: 0px; display: inline;" title="clip_image034" width="583" /></a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: times n; font-size: medium;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: times n; font-size: medium;">8. The resulting graph should resemble the one below.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: medium;"></span></div>
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<a href="http://lh5.ggpht.com/-ed6n-DW0unc/UoE4JhFJu6I/AAAAAAAAEw4/XXDaw-s2r0w/s1600-h/clip_image036%25255B3%25255D.jpg"><span style="font-family: times n; font-size: medium;"></span></a><span style="font-family: times n; font-size: medium;"><a href="http://lh5.ggpht.com/-ed6n-DW0unc/UoE4JhFJu6I/AAAAAAAAExA/gl5waIdylZw/s1600-h/clip_image036%25255B4%25255D.jpg"><img alt="clip_image036" border="0" src="http://lh6.ggpht.com/-FO9E_kZlmcw/UoE4LW7HBgI/AAAAAAAAExI/6tL3gsaMacQ/clip_image036_thumb%25255B1%25255D.jpg?imgmax=800" height="514" style="border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; border-right: 0px; border-top: 0px; display: inline;" title="clip_image036" width="511" /></a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: times n; font-size: medium;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: times n; font-size: medium;">9. Save your project.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: medium;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: medium;"><strong>Note:</strong></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: times n;"><b>time_average </b>is the<b> </b>average value over time of the values generated during the collection window. This average is performed assuming a “sample-and-hold” behavior of the data set (i.e., each value is weighted by the amount of time separating it from the following update and the sum of all the weighted values is divided by the width of the collection window). For example, suppose you have a 1-second bucket in which 10 values have been generated. The first 7 values were generated between 0 and 0.3 seconds, the 8th value at 0.4 seconds, the 9th value at 0.6 seconds , and the 10th at 0.99 seconds. Because the last 3 values have higher durations, they are weighted more heavily in calculating the time average.</span></span></div>
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<strong><span style="font-size: medium;"></span></strong></div>
<div class="wlWriterEditableSmartContent" id="scid:0767317B-992E-4b12-91E0-4F059A8CECA8:69aacc69-d3ca-420b-bf8c-a3ab4539327d" style="display: inline; float: none; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">
Technorati Tags: <a href="http://technorati.com/tags/A+Set+of+Local+Area+Networks+Interconnected+by+Switches" rel="tag">A Set of Local Area Networks Interconnected by Switches</a>,<a href="http://technorati.com/tags/it+guru+tutorial" rel="tag">it guru tutorial</a>,<a href="http://technorati.com/tags/opnet+it+guru+tutorial" rel="tag">opnet it guru tutorial</a>,<a href="http://technorati.com/tags/it+guru+lan+implementation" rel="tag">it guru lan implementation</a>,<a href="http://technorati.com/tags/opnet+lan+implementation" rel="tag">opnet lan implementation</a>,<a href="http://technorati.com/tags/lan+with+switches+in+opnet" rel="tag">lan with switches in opnet</a>,<a href="http://technorati.com/tags/lan+with+switches+in+itguru" rel="tag">lan with switches in itguru</a></div>
</div>
Usman Khanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16581732211609745919noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3132272184153628305.post-69095741319110994932013-11-05T10:40:00.001-08:002013-11-05T11:01:48.885-08:00Installation of IT Guru<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-size: medium;">The installation of IT Guru can be a bit challenging. The first part is to do the registration online. Only then you will recieve the link to download opnet IT Guru. So, lets walk through it.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: medium;">Type in Google as shown below. Click the first link. </span></div>
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<a href="http://lh3.ggpht.com/-EKVxCP2wbZg/Unk6shr7CnI/AAAAAAAAEZY/jwKySsCNtzQ/s1600-h/1%25255B15%25255D.png"><span style="font-size: medium;"><img alt="1" border="0" height="395" src="http://lh6.ggpht.com/-8MZveris6aE/Unk6v1rVSwI/AAAAAAAAEZg/LGd95sT11CM/1_thumb%25255B19%25255D.png?imgmax=800" style="border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; border-right: 0px; border-top: 0px; display: inline;" title="1" width="583" /></span></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: medium;">The following main IT Guru page will open. </span></div>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-_okhRdhxSe8/UnlAe3PIyWI/AAAAAAAAEcw/GnYgCAKpszc/s1600/2.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="356" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-_okhRdhxSe8/UnlAe3PIyWI/AAAAAAAAEcw/GnYgCAKpszc/s640/2.png" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: medium;">At the bottom, there is a button “Register and Download”. Click it. </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: medium;"> </span><a href="http://lh6.ggpht.com/-T1F-dOSAgLI/Unk6y1i5hjI/AAAAAAAAEZ4/O1Dlcsb7b3E/s1600-h/2%25255B11%25255D.png"><span style="font-size: medium;"><img alt="2" border="0" height="290" src="http://lh6.ggpht.com/-MWhx4F8BQkw/Unk61pjeV5I/AAAAAAAAEaA/ySqovedP1nk/2_thumb%25255B14%25255D.png?imgmax=800" style="border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; border-right: 0px; border-top: 0px; display: inline;" title="2" width="583" /></span></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: medium;">The following registration page will open. Fill it with correct credentials. Provide valid email id. </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: medium;"> </span><a href="http://lh3.ggpht.com/-1G7ZUALpVR4/Unk68d4cQDI/AAAAAAAAEaI/6YdsjucYj3E/s1600-h/3%25255B13%25255D.png"><span style="font-size: medium;"><img alt="3" border="0" height="330" src="http://lh5.ggpht.com/-vPlr24AftcY/Unk6-lqdwLI/AAAAAAAAEaQ/i3p0fAR-MrE/3_thumb%25255B12%25255D.png?imgmax=800" style="border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; border-right: 0px; border-top: 0px; display: inline;" title="3" width="583" /></span></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: medium;">Registration continued. … </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: medium;"> </span><a href="http://lh3.ggpht.com/-DKuZ29io3_s/Unk7AnC7gnI/AAAAAAAAEaY/T0zv5EHRUx8/s1600-h/4%25255B9%25255D.png"><span style="font-size: medium;"><img alt="4" border="0" height="330" src="http://lh4.ggpht.com/-NxRm-fSKqVQ/Unk7DHLKiGI/AAAAAAAAEag/3-t2oOuFSxk/4_thumb%25255B8%25255D.png?imgmax=800" style="border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; border-right: 0px; border-top: 0px; display: inline;" title="4" width="583" /></span></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: medium;">After registration, You will recieve an email from the OPNET IT Guru. In which you will recieve your password. And you will recieve your download link as shown below. </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: medium;"> </span><a href="http://lh5.ggpht.com/-WHWlx5Rv5cc/Unk7FlHtoGI/AAAAAAAAEao/ymZX6sHJJuU/s1600-h/5%25255B11%25255D.png"><span style="font-size: medium;"><img alt="5" border="0" height="388" src="http://lh6.ggpht.com/-zimERkMldzY/Unk7IwjBsCI/AAAAAAAAEaw/Rp2xvw9BIdA/5_thumb%25255B22%25255D.png?imgmax=800" style="border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; border-right: 0px; border-top: 0px; display: inline;" title="5" width="583" /></span></a><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: medium;">In the above diagram, instead of “xxxx…..” , you will recieve your actual username and password. </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: medium;">After click on the link above. It will start downloading the setup. Its about 200 Mb. Download it and then install the IT Guru. When you are done with IT Guru installation, run it. </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: medium;">It will show you the screen to either quit or go in the license management. Click license management you will see the following screen. </span></div>
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<a href="http://lh5.ggpht.com/-Q7jq6A5F07I/Unk7OPLnrmI/AAAAAAAAEa4/Ptyful9KkX0/s1600-h/1%25255B17%25255D.png"><span style="font-size: medium;"><img alt="1" border="0" height="446" src="http://lh3.ggpht.com/-ahGMnp-lxyI/Unk7RUZUvmI/AAAAAAAAEbA/KGqpdplfS4E/1_thumb%25255B21%25255D.png?imgmax=800" style="border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; border-right: 0px; border-top: 0px; display: inline;" title="1" width="583" /></span></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: medium;">Click next, in the above screen. It will also open the web browser for you and ask for authentication. Here you will provide the username and password that you recieved in your email. </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: medium;">In the below window, you will enter the key which will be displayed on the IT Guru. </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: medium;"> </span><a href="http://lh5.ggpht.com/-AdxAAsutoMs/Unk7UPHrHyI/AAAAAAAAEbI/jEI6ORNs3Ig/s1600-h/2%25255B12%25255D.png"><span style="font-size: medium;"><img alt="2" border="0" height="424" src="http://lh6.ggpht.com/-de_9wdtn7yY/Unk7W7B9ctI/AAAAAAAAEbQ/s8PJe-gPQhQ/2_thumb%25255B15%25255D.png?imgmax=800" style="border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; border-right: 0px; border-top: 0px; display: inline;" title="2" width="583" /></span></a><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: medium;">Provide the following key in the browser. As shown in the above window. </span></div>
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<a href="http://lh5.ggpht.com/-m945mayDsL8/Unk7ZB7H-NI/AAAAAAAAEbY/AnwA5fZCh0A/s1600-h/3%25255B12%25255D.png"><span style="font-size: medium;"><img alt="3" border="0" height="387" src="http://lh6.ggpht.com/-1DdMlEOerCw/Unk7a6UpIAI/AAAAAAAAEbg/EL2KRa4UYnQ/3_thumb%25255B11%25255D.png?imgmax=800" style="border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; border-right: 0px; border-top: 0px; display: inline;" title="3" width="583" /></span></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: medium;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: medium;">Paste it there. </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: medium;"> </span><a href="http://lh6.ggpht.com/-EM7jiCz-0bI/Unk7dsT2cII/AAAAAAAAEbo/H9FTM3JKNfg/s1600-h/4%25255B8%25255D.png"><span style="font-size: medium;"><img alt="4" border="0" height="399" src="http://lh6.ggpht.com/-cPXxrXOnd7M/Unk7gIIQBSI/AAAAAAAAEbw/8SZNxaXDm2Q/4_thumb%25255B7%25255D.png?imgmax=800" style="border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; border-right: 0px; border-top: 0px; display: inline;" title="4" width="583" /></span></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: medium;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: medium;">And click submit. </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: medium;"> </span><a href="http://lh5.ggpht.com/-aVHfBaFYTiw/Unk7ikwRNlI/AAAAAAAAEb4/RxR2HZdw3TQ/s1600-h/5%25255B12%25255D.png"><span style="font-size: medium;"><img alt="5" border="0" height="385" src="http://lh5.ggpht.com/-EKElHzdiwgM/Unk7lR0qQNI/AAAAAAAAEcA/ktdfwjsebvU/5_thumb%25255B23%25255D.png?imgmax=800" style="border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; border-right: 0px; border-top: 0px; display: inline;" title="5" width="583" /></span></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: medium;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: medium;">You will be provided with the key. You need to copy that key and paste it in the IT Guru as shown below and click next. </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: medium;"> </span><a href="http://lh5.ggpht.com/-aMRFVb7nmpw/Unk7nMQvrRI/AAAAAAAAEcI/WzkwHwrrSJc/s1600-h/6%25255B6%25255D.png"><span style="font-size: medium;"><img alt="6" border="0" height="422" src="http://lh4.ggpht.com/-DJN5_lzTwPk/Unk7pOcWGeI/AAAAAAAAEcQ/tSMgeUV6a7k/6_thumb%25255B7%25255D.png?imgmax=800" style="border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; border-right: 0px; border-top: 0px; display: inline;" title="6" width="583" /></span></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: medium;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: medium;">There, you go , IT Guru has been activated with key. Now, you can use it. Cheers. </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: medium;"> </span><a href="http://lh6.ggpht.com/-VZStFELQBnI/Unk7rIWIw6I/AAAAAAAAEcY/0cFJYTE9TCo/s1600-h/7%25255B4%25255D.png"><span style="font-size: medium;"><img alt="7" border="0" height="426" src="http://lh4.ggpht.com/-S_n4LISTmUY/Unk7tBBiRPI/AAAAAAAAEcg/fFyZ-xKFjrE/7_thumb%25255B9%25255D.png?imgmax=800" style="border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; border-right: 0px; border-top: 0px; display: inline;" title="7" width="583" /></span></a></div>
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Usman Khanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16581732211609745919noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3132272184153628305.post-5644373560874722792013-10-27T23:10:00.001-07:002013-10-27T23:15:04.304-07:00Abstraction<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-size: medium;">Real life objects have a lot of attributes and many kind of behaviors but most of the time we are interested in only that part of the objects that is related to the problem we are currently going to solve, for example in implementing a school system we don’t need to take care of the personnel life of a student or a teacher as it will not effect our system in any way so we will see these objects in the perspective of school system and will ignore their other characteristics, this concept is called “<i>Abstraction</i>”. Abstraction is a way to cope with complexity and it is used to simplify things.</span></div>
<h2>
<strong></strong></h2>
<h2>
<strong>Principle of abstraction:</strong></h2>
<div align="justify">
<b><i><span style="font-size: medium;"></span></i></b></div>
<div align="justify">
<b><i><span style="font-size: medium;">“Capture only those details about an object that are relevant to current perspective”</span></i></b></div>
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<i><span style="font-size: medium;"></span></i></div>
<h5 align="justify">
<b><span style="font-size: medium;"></span></b></h5>
<h5 align="justify">
<b><span style="font-size: medium;">Abstraction Example:</span></b></h5>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-size: medium;">Suppose we want to implement abstraction for the following statement.</span></div>
<div align="justify">
<i><span style="font-size: medium;">“Ali is a PhD student and teaches BS students”</span></i></div>
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<i><span style="font-size: medium;"></span></i></div>
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<i><span style="font-size: medium;">Here object Ali has two <b>perspectives</b> one is his<b> student perspective</b> and second is his <b>teacher perspective.</b></span></i></div>
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<span style="font-size: medium;">We can sum up Ali’s attributes as follows,</span></div>
<div align="justify">
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
<tr> <td valign="top" width="181"><span style="font-size: medium;">Name</span><br />
<span style="font-size: medium;">Age</span><br />
<span style="font-size: medium;">Student Roll No</span><br />
<span style="font-size: medium;">Year of Study </span><br />
<span style="font-size: medium;">CGPA</span><br />
<span style="font-size: medium;">Employee ID</span><br />
<span style="font-size: medium;">Designation</span><br />
<span style="font-size: medium;">Salary</span></td> </tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-size: medium;">As you can see out of all these listed attributes some belong to Ali’s student perspective(Roll No, CGPA, Year of study) and some belong to Ali’s teacher perspective(Employee ID, Designation, Salary).</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: medium;">Similarly we can sum up Ali’s behavior as follows,</span></b></div>
<b></b> <br />
<div align="justify">
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
<tr> <td valign="top" width="205"><span style="font-size: medium;">Study</span><br />
<span style="font-size: medium;">DevelopExam</span><br />
<span style="font-size: medium;">GiveExam</span><br />
<span style="font-size: medium;">TakeExam</span><br />
<span style="font-size: medium;">PlaySports</span><br />
<span style="font-size: medium;">Eat</span><br />
<span style="font-size: medium;">DeliverLecture</span><br />
<span style="font-size: medium;">Walk</span></td> </tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
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<b><span style="font-size: medium;"></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: medium;">As was the case with attributes of object Ali, its behavior can also be divided in Ali’s student perspective as well as Ali’s teacher perspective.</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: medium;">Student’s Perspective </span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: medium;">Attributes:</span></b></div>
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<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
<tr> <td valign="top" width="614"><span style="font-size: medium;">- <b>Name</b> - Employee ID</span><br />
<span style="font-size: medium;">- <b>Student Roll No</b> - Designation</span><br />
<span style="font-size: medium;">- <b>Year of Study</b> - Salary</span><br />
<span style="font-size: medium;">- <b>CGPA </b>- Age</span></td> </tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<div align="justify">
<b><span style="font-size: medium;"></span></b></div>
<div align="justify">
<b><span style="font-size: medium;">Behaviour:</span></b></div>
<div align="justify">
<strong><span style="font-size: medium;"></span></strong></div>
<div align="justify">
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
<tr> <td valign="top" width="612"><span style="font-size: medium;">- <b>Study</b> - DevelopExam</span><br />
<span style="font-size: medium;">- <b>GiveExam</b> - TakeExam</span><br />
<span style="font-size: medium;">- <b>PlaySports</b> - Eat</span><br />
<span style="font-size: medium;">- DeliverLecture - Walk</span></td> </tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<h5 align="justify">
<b><span style="font-size: medium;"></span></b></h5>
<h5 align="justify">
<b><span style="font-size: medium;">Teacher’s Perspective </span></b></h5>
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<b><span style="font-size: medium;"></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: medium;"></span></b></div>
<div align="justify">
<b><span style="font-size: medium;">Attributes:</span></b></div>
<div align="justify">
<strong><span style="font-size: medium;"></span></strong></div>
<div align="justify">
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
<tr> <td valign="top" width="612"><span style="font-size: medium;">- <b>Name</b> - <b>Employee ID</b></span><br />
<span style="font-size: medium;">- Student Roll No - <b>Designation</b></span><br />
<span style="font-size: medium;">- Year of Study - <b>Salary</b></span><br />
<span style="font-size: medium;">- CGPA - Age</span></td> </tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<div align="justify">
<b><span style="font-size: medium;"></span></b></div>
<div align="justify">
<b><span style="font-size: medium;">Behaviour:</span></b></div>
<div align="justify">
<strong><span style="font-size: medium;"></span></strong></div>
<div align="justify">
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
<tr> <td valign="top" width="612"><span style="font-size: medium;">- Study - <b>DevelopExam</b></span><br />
<span style="font-size: medium;">- GiveExam - <b>TakeExam</b></span><br />
<span style="font-size: medium;">- PlaySports - Eat</span><br />
<span style="font-size: medium;">- <b>DeliverLecture</b> - Walk</span></td> </tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<div align="justify">
<b><span style="font-size: medium;"></span></b></div>
<div align="justify">
<b><span style="font-size: medium;">A cat can be viewed with different perspectives </span></b></div>
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<strong><span style="font-size: medium;"></span></strong></div>
<div align="justify">
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
<tr> <td valign="top" width="325"><span style="font-size: medium;">Ordinary Perspective</span><br />
<span style="font-size: medium;">A pet animal with</span><br />
<span style="font-size: medium;">Four Legs</span><br />
<span style="font-size: medium;">A Tail</span><br />
<span style="font-size: medium;">Two Ears</span><br />
<span style="font-size: medium;">Sharp Teeth</span></td> <td valign="top" width="294"><span style="font-size: medium;">Surgeon’s Perspective</span><br />
<span style="font-size: medium;">A being with</span><br />
<span style="font-size: medium;">A Skeleton</span><br />
<span style="font-size: medium;">Heart</span><br />
<span style="font-size: medium;">Kidney</span><br />
<span style="font-size: medium;">Stomach</span></td> </tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
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<b><span style="font-size: medium;"></span></b></div>
<div align="justify">
<b><span style="font-size: medium;"></span></b></div>
<div align="justify">
<b><span style="font-size: medium;">A car can be viewed with different perspectives. </span></b></div>
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<strong><span style="font-size: medium;"></span></strong></div>
<div align="justify">
<strong><span style="font-size: medium;">From driver’s point of view, it has an accelerator, a brake, a clutch, a gear box etc. </span></strong></div>
<div align="justify">
<strong><span style="font-size: medium;">From engineer’s point of view, it has an engine, a fuel pump, a rotary motor, shocks etc. </span></strong></div>
<div align="justify">
<strong><span style="font-size: medium;"></span></strong></div>
<b></b> <table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
<tr> <td valign="top" width="324"><a href="http://lh3.ggpht.com/-aNjLeBEY7a4/Um3_v_xGvJI/AAAAAAAAEYg/1Yt5ZsESB8I/s1600-h/clip_image002%25255B3%25255D.jpg"><img alt="clip_image002" border="0" height="155" src="http://lh4.ggpht.com/-RcN6XOdsmNs/Um3_xCcKojI/AAAAAAAAEYo/02y4qheUnbk/clip_image002_thumb.jpg?imgmax=800" style="border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; border-right: 0px; border-top: 0px; display: inline;" title="clip_image002" width="244" /></a><br />
Driver’s View</td> <td valign="top" width="294"><a href="http://lh3.ggpht.com/--wu36IaKrNU/Um3_yLnZmnI/AAAAAAAAEYw/mYRI51ebxak/s1600-h/clip_image004%25255B3%25255D.jpg"><img alt="clip_image004" border="0" height="158" src="http://lh6.ggpht.com/-ziflpfaUKWw/Um3_zPhItiI/AAAAAAAAEY4/vsFGzuv0zRA/clip_image004_thumb.jpg?imgmax=800" style="border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; border-right: 0px; border-top: 0px; display: inline;" title="clip_image004" width="232" /></a><br />
Engineer’s View</td> </tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<div align="justify">
<strong><span style="font-size: medium;"></span></strong></div>
<h2>
<b>Abstraction – Advantages</b></h2>
<br />
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-size: medium;">Abstraction has following major advantages. </span></div>
<ol>
<li> <div align="justify">
<span style="font-size: medium;">It helps us understanding and solving a problem using object oriented approach as it hides extra irrelevant details of objects.</span></div>
</li>
</ol>
<ol start="start">
<li> <div align="justify">
<span style="font-size: medium;">Focusing on single perspective of an object provides us freedom to change implementation for other aspects of for an object later.</span></div>
</li>
</ol>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-size: medium;">Similar to Encapsulation Abstraction is also used for achieving information hiding as we show only relevant details to related objects, and hide other details.</span></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div>
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Usman Khanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16581732211609745919noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3132272184153628305.post-25447959917741824872013-10-27T22:32:00.001-07:002013-10-27T22:33:35.046-07:00Information Hiding and Encapsulation in OOP<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: medium;">Information hiding is one of the most important principles of OOP inspired from real life which says that all information should not be accessible to all persons. Private information should only be accessible to its owner. </span></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">By Information Hiding we mean “<i>Showing only those details to the outside world which are necessary for the outside world and hiding all other details from the outside world.”</i></span></span></div>
<h5 align="justify">
<b><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: medium;">Real Life Examples of Information Hiding</span></b></h5>
<ol>
<li> <div align="justify">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: medium;">Your name and other personal information is stored in your brain we can’t access this information directly. For getting this information we need to ask you about it and it will be up to you how much details you would like to share with us.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: medium;">An email server may have account information of millions of people but it will share only our account information with us if we request it to send anyone else accounts information our request will be refused.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: medium;">A phone SIM card may store several phone numbers but we can’t read the numbers directly from the SIM card rather phone-set reads this information for us and if the owner of this phone has not allowed others to see the numbers saved in this phone we will not be able to see those phone numbers using phone.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: medium;">In object oriented programming approach we have objects with their attributes and behaviors that are hidden from other classes, so we can say that object oriented programming follows the principle of information hiding.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: medium;">In the perspective of Object Oriented Programming Information Hiding is,</span></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: medium;">“Hiding the object details (state and behavior) from the users”</span></i></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: medium;">Here by users we mean <b>“an object”</b> of another class that is calling functions of this class using the reference of this class object or it may be some other program in which we are using this class.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: medium;">Information Hiding is achieved in Object Oriented Programming using the following principles,</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: medium;">· All information related to an object is stored within the object</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: medium;">· It is hidden from the outside world</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: medium;">· It can only be manipulated by the object itself</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: medium;">Advantages of Information Hiding</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: medium;">Following are two major advantages of information hiding. </span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: medium;">It simplifies our Object Oriented Model:</span></div>
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<b><i><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: medium;"></span></i></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: medium;">As we saw earlier that our object oriented model only had objects and their interactions hiding implementation details so it makes it easier for everyone to understand our object oriented model. </span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: medium;">It is a barrier against change propagation. </span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: medium;">As implementation of functions is limited to our class and we have only given the name of functions to user along with description of parameters so if we change implementation of function it doesn’t affect the object oriented model.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: medium;">We can achieve information hiding using Encapsulation and Abstraction, so we see these two concepts in detail now.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div align="justify">
<a href="" name="_Toc309825500"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="color: black;"><b>Encapsulation</b></span></span></span></a><b></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Encapsulation means<i> “we have enclosed all the characteristics of an object in the object itself”.</i></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: medium;">Encapsulation and information hiding are much related concepts (information hiding is achieved using Encapsulation). </span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: medium;">We have seen in previous lecture that object characteristics include data members and behavior of the object in the form of functions. </span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: medium;">So we can say that Data and Behavior are tightly coupled inside an object and both the information structure and implementation details of its operations are hidden from the outer world.</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: medium;"></span></b></h5>
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<b><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: medium;">Examples of Encapsulation</span></b></h5>
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<span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: medium;">Consider the same example of object Ali of previous lecture we described it as follows. </span></div>
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<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
<tr> <td width="163"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: medium;">Ali</span></td> </tr>
<tr> <td valign="top" width="163"><h5>
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: medium;">Characteristics (attributes)</span></h5>
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: medium;">· Name</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: medium;">· Age</span></td> </tr>
<tr> <td valign="top" width="163"><h5>
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: medium;">Behavior (operations)</span></h5>
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: medium;">· Walks</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: medium;">· Eats</span></td> </tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: medium;">You can see that Ali stores his personal information in itself and its behavior is also implemented in it. </span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: medium;">Now it is up to object Ali whether he wants to share that information with outside world or not. Same thing stands for its behavior if some other object in real life wants to use his behavior of walking it can not use it without the permission of Ali. </span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: medium;">So we say that attributes and behavior of Ali are encapsulated in it. </span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: medium;">Any other object don’t know about these things unless Ali share this information with that object through an interface. </span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: medium;">Same concept also applies to phone which has some data and behavior of showing that data to user we can only access the information stored in the phone if phone interface allow us to do so.</span></div>
<h5 align="justify">
<b><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: medium;"></span></b></h5>
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<b><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: medium;">Advantages of Encapsulation</span></b></h5>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: medium;">The following are the main advantages of Encapsulation,</span></div>
<ol>
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<b><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: medium;">Simplicity and clarity</span></b></div>
</li>
</ol>
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<span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: medium;">As all data and functions are stored in the objects so there is no data or function around in program that is not part of any object and is this way it becomes very easy to understand the purpose of each data member and function in an object.</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: medium;">Low complexity</span></b></div>
</li>
</ol>
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<span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: medium;">As data members and functions are hidden in objects and each object has a specific behavior so there is less complexity in code there will be no such situations that a functions is using some other function and that functions is using some other function.</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: medium;"></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: medium;">Better understanding</span></b></div>
</li>
</ol>
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<span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: medium;">Everyone will be able to understand whole scenario by simple looking into object diagrams without any issue as each object has specific role and specific relation with other objects.</span></div>
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Usman Khanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16581732211609745919noreply@blogger.com11tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3132272184153628305.post-81976426307349025122013-10-27T22:23:00.001-07:002013-10-27T22:25:41.801-07:00Interface and Implementation in OOP<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<a href="" name="_Toc309825501"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="color: black;"><b>Interface</b></span></span></span></a><b></b> </div>
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<span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: medium;">Interface is a set of functions of an object that he wants to expose to other objects. Interface of an object provides us the list of available functions.</span> </div>
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<span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: medium;">As we discussed previously that data and behavior of each object is hidden in that object itself so we have to use the concept of interface of the object to expose its behavior to outer word objects.</span> </div>
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<span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: medium;">· Different objects may need different functions of an object so interface of an object may be different for different objects.</span> </div>
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<span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: medium;">· Interfaces are necessary for object communication. Each object provides interface/s (operations) to other objects through these interfaces other objects communicate with this object.</span> </div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: medium;">Example – Interface of a Car</span></b></h5>
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<span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: medium;">· Steer Wheels</span> </div>
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<span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: medium;">· Accelerate</span> </div>
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<span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: medium;">· Change Gear</span> </div>
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<span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: medium;">· Apply Brakes</span> </div>
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<span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: medium;">· Turn Lights On/Off</span> </div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: medium;">Example – Interface of a Phone</span></b></h5>
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<span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: medium;">· Input Number</span> </div>
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<span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: medium;">· Place Call</span> </div>
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<span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: medium;">· Disconnect Call</span> </div>
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<span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: medium;">· Add number to address book</span> </div>
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<span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: medium;">· Remove number</span> </div>
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<span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: medium;">· Update number</span> </div>
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<a href="" name="_Toc309825502"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="color: black; font-size: large;"><b>Implementation</b></span></span></a><b></b> </div>
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<span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: medium;">It is actual implementation of the behavior of the object in any Object Oriented language. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: medium;">It has two parts, </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: medium;">· Internal data structures to hold an object state that will be hidden from us it will store values for an object data members.</span> </div>
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<span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: medium;">· Functionality in the form of member functions to provide required behavior.</span> </div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: medium;"></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: medium;">Examples of Implementation</span></b> </div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: medium;"></span></b></div>
<ol>
<li> <div align="justify">
<b><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: medium;">Gear Box in car system</span></b></div>
</li>
</ol>
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<span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: medium;">Consider object Gear Box in car system it has a certain structure and functionality. When this object will be implemented it will have two things,</span> </div>
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<span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: medium;">· Physical structure of the gear box</span> </div>
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<span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: medium;">· Functionality implemented in this structure to change gear.</span> </div>
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<span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: medium;">Both these things are part of implementation.</span> </div>
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<span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: medium;">So it has,</span> </div>
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<span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: medium;">· <b>Data Structure</b> in the form of Mechanical structure of gear box</span> </div>
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<span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: medium;">· <b>Functionality</b> mechanism to change gear</span> </div>
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<ol start="start">
<li> <div align="justify">
<b><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: medium;">Address Book in a Phone</span></b></div>
</li>
</ol>
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<span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: medium;">Similarly take the example of contact details saved in the SIM of a phone,</span> <span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">In that case we can say physical structure of SIM card as Data Structure</span></span> </div>
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<span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: medium;">And Read/write operations provided by the phone as Functionality.</span> </div>
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</div>
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<a href="" name="_Toc309825503"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="color: black;"><b>Separation of Interface & Implementation</b></span></span></span></a><b></b> </div>
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<span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: medium;">As discussed earlier we only show interface of an object to outside world and hide actual implementation from outside world. The benefit of using this approach is that our object interface to outside word becomes independent from inside implementation of that interface. An object may have more than one interface.</span> </div>
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<span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: medium;">This is achieved through the concepts of encapsulation and information hiding. Interface and implementation are separated from each other to achieve Information Hiding. </span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: medium;"></span></b> </h5>
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<b><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: medium;">Real Life example of separation of interface and implementations</span></b></h5>
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<span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: medium;">Driver has a standard interface to drive a car and using that interface he drive can drive any car regardless of its model or type whatever engine type it has or whatever type of fuel it is using.</span> </div>
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There is another important phenomena in OOP , i.e. ‘messages’. </div>
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<a href="" name="_Toc309825504"><span style="color: black; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;"><b>Messages</b></span></a><b></b><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;"> </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: medium;">Objects communicate through messages they send messages (stimuli) by invoking appropriate operations on the target object. The number and kind of messages that can be sent to an object depends upon its interface. Objects communicate with each other using messages.</span> </div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: medium;">Examples – Messages</span></b></h5>
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<span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: medium;">A Person sends message (stimulus) “stop” to a Car by applying brakes</span> </div>
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<span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: medium;">A Person sends message “place call” to a Phone by pressing appropriate button</span></div>
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Usman Khanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16581732211609745919noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3132272184153628305.post-71688033559616643442013-10-27T01:22:00.001-07:002013-10-27T02:33:16.039-07:00Object-Orientation<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-size: medium;">Object oriented programming is an essential part of our today’s programming methodology. It is being extensively used in all programming languages due to its key aspects and benefits which will be discussed later on. It is a technique in which we visualize our programming problems in the form of objects and their interactions as happens in real life.</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: medium;"></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Examples:</b> </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: medium;">We have different objects around us in our real life that interact with each other to perform different operations For example, Human beings, cars, tree, house etc. </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: medium;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: medium;">Take an example of a person lives in a house. He drives a car. All these are objects and have their own unique characteristics. </span><span style="font-size: medium;">Take another example of a <b>School</b>; the objects in a school are student, teacher, books, pen ,school bag, classroom, parents, playground etc. </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: medium;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: medium;">Suppose we want to develop a fee collection system for a school for this we will need to find out related objects and their interactions as happens in real life. </span><span style="font-size: medium;">In this way we can say that object orientation<b> </b>makes it easier for us<b> </b>to solve our real world problems by thinking solution of the problem in terms of real world objects. </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: medium;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: medium;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: medium;">So we can say that in our daily life everything can be taken as an object that behaves in a certain way and has certain attributes. </span><span style="font-size: medium;">In object orientation we move our concentration to objects in contrast to procedural paradigm in which we simply write our code in functions and call them in our main program.</span></div>
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<strong><span style="font-size: medium;"></span></strong></div>
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3132272184153628305" name="_Toc309825492"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: black;"><b><br /></b></span></span></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: black;"><b>What is a Model?</b></span></span><b></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: medium;"></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: medium;">A model is an abstraction of something real or conceptual. </span><span style="font-size: medium;">We need models to understand an aspect of reality.</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: medium;"></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: medium;"></span></b></div>
<div align="justify">
<b><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div align="justify">
<b><span style="font-size: medium;">Model Examples</span></b></div>
<div align="justify">
<b><span style="font-size: medium;"></span></b></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-size: medium;">Highway maps</span></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-size: medium;">Architectural models</span></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-size: medium;">Mechanical models</span></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-size: medium;"></span></div>
<h2>
<strong>OO Models:</strong></h2>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-size: medium;">In the context of programming models are used to understand the problem before starting developing it. </span><span style="font-size: medium;">We make Object Oriented models showing several interacting objects to understand a system given to us for implementation.</span></div>
<div align="justify">
<b><span style="font-size: medium;"></span></b></div>
<div align="justify">
<b><span style="font-size: medium;">Object Oriented Model </span></b></div>
<div align="justify">
<strong><span style="font-size: medium;"></span></strong></div>
<b><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></b>
<b><span style="font-size: medium;">Objects</span></b> <br />
<span style="font-size: medium;">Ali, Car, House, Tree</span><br />
<span style="font-size: medium;"></span><br />
<b><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></b>
<b><span style="font-size: medium;">Interactions</span></b> <br />
<span style="font-size: medium;">Ali lives in the house</span> <br />
<span style="font-size: medium;">Ali drives the car</span><br />
<span style="font-size: medium;"></span><br />
<span style="color: black;"><a href="http://lh5.ggpht.com/-HYyyPGRMX3g/UmzNKwsxfZI/AAAAAAAAEXk/NJgdjhdCTfE/s1600-h/clip_image025%25255B3%25255D.gif"><span style="font-size: medium;"></span></a><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="http://lh5.ggpht.com/-HYyyPGRMX3g/UmzNKwsxfZI/AAAAAAAAEXs/uIkoC9aP0hg/s1600-h/clip_image025%25255B5%25255D.gif"><img alt="clip_image025" border="0" height="249" src="http://lh3.ggpht.com/-cqvdFXMZips/UmzNNvYoUWI/AAAAAAAAEX0/kAcuT4T4lfU/clip_image025_thumb%25255B2%25255D.gif?imgmax=800" style="border: 0px; display: inline;" title="clip_image025" width="320" /></a></span></span><br />
<div align="justify">
<b><span style="font-size: medium;">Object Oriented Model (A School Model)</span></b></div>
<div align="justify">
<strong><span style="font-size: medium;"></span></strong></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Objects</b> </span></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-size: medium;">Teacher, Student, School Bag, Pen, Book Playground</span></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Interactions</b> </span></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-size: medium;">Teacher teaches Student. </span></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-size: medium;">Student has School Bag, Book and Pen</span></div>
<div align="justify">
<strong><span style="font-size: medium;"></span></strong></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-size: medium;"></span></div>
<span style="color: black;"><a href="http://lh5.ggpht.com/-wQFkWdK_JfU/UmzNOoaK--I/AAAAAAAAEX8/Yz8oJQU6RJM/s1600-h/clip_image029%25255B3%25255D.gif"></a> </span><br />
<div align="justify">
<a href="http://lh5.ggpht.com/-wQFkWdK_JfU/UmzNOoaK--I/AAAAAAAAEYE/SW_RYeQB4j8/s1600-h/clip_image029%25255B4%25255D.gif"><span style="color: black; font-size: medium;"><img alt="clip_image029" border="0" height="179" src="http://lh3.ggpht.com/-vHg0d-0K8eg/UmzNQpXUhLI/AAAAAAAAEYM/t6jdVeopMoo/clip_image029_thumb%25255B1%25255D.gif?imgmax=800" style="border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; border-right: 0px; border-top: 0px; display: inline;" title="clip_image029" width="579" /></span></a></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-size: medium;"></span></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-size: medium;"></span></div>
<div align="justify">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3132272184153628305" name="_Toc309825494"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: black;"><b><br /></b></span></span></a></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: black;"><b>Object-Orientation - Advantages</b></span></span><b><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></b><br />
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: black;"><b><br /></b></span></span></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-size: medium;">As Object Oriented Models map directly to reality as we have seen in examples above therefore, </span></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-size: medium;">We can easily develop an object oriented model for a problem.</span></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-size: medium;">Everyone can easily understand an object oriented model.</span></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-size: medium;">We can easily implement an object oriented model for a problem using any object oriented language like c++ using its features</span><span style="font-size: medium;"> like classes, inheritance, virtual functions etc.</span></div>
<div align="justify">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3132272184153628305" name="_Toc309825495"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: black;"><b><br /></b></span></span></a></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: black;"><b>What is an Object?</b></span></span><b></b></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-size: medium;">An object is,</span></div>
<ol>
<li> <div align="justify">
<span style="font-size: medium;">Something tangible (Human being, School, House, Car).</span></div>
</li>
<li> <div align="justify">
<span style="font-size: medium;">Something conceptual (that can be apprehended intellectually for example time, date and so on…).</span></div>
</li>
</ol>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-size: medium;">An object has,</span></div>
<ol>
<li> <div align="justify">
<span style="font-size: medium;">State (attributes)</span></div>
</li>
<li> <div align="justify">
<span style="font-size: medium;">Well-defined behavior (operations)</span></div>
</li>
<li> <div align="justify">
<span style="font-size: medium;">Unique identity</span></div>
</li>
</ol>
<div align="justify">
<br /></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: black;"><b>Tangible and Intangible Objects</b></span></span><b></b><br />
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: black;"><b><br /></b></span></span></div>
<div align="justify">
<b><span style="font-size: medium;"></span></b></div>
<div align="justify">
<b><span style="font-size: medium;">Examples of Tangible Objects:</span></b></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-size: medium;">Ali is a tangible object, having some characteristics (attributes) and behavior as given below,</span></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-size: medium;"></span></div>
<div align="justify">
<b><span style="font-size: medium;">Characteristics (attributes)</span></b></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-size: medium;">Name </span></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-size: medium;">Age</span></div>
<div align="justify">
<b><span style="font-size: medium;">Behaviour (operations)</span></b></div>
<br />
<div align="justify">
<br /></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-size: medium;">Walks </span></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-size: medium;">Eats</span></div>
<br />
<div align="justify">
<b style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: medium;">We will identify Ali using his name.</span></span></div>
<div align="justify">
<b><span style="font-size: medium;"></span></b></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-size: medium;">Car is also a tangible object having some characteristics (attributes) and behavior given below,</span></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-size: medium;"></span></div>
<b><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></b>
<b><span style="font-size: medium;">State (attributes)</span></b><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: medium;">Color</span><br />
<span style="font-size: medium;">Model</span><br />
<b><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></b>
<b><span style="font-size: medium;">Behavior (operations)</span></b><br />
<span style="font-size: medium;">Accelerate</span> <br />
<span style="font-size: medium;">Start Car</span> <br />
<span style="font-size: medium;">Change Gear</span><br />
<br />
<div align="justify">
<br /></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-size: medium;">We can identify Car using its registration number.</span></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div>
<div align="justify">
<b><span style="font-size: medium;"></span></b></div>
<div align="justify">
<b><span style="font-size: medium;"></span></b></div>
<div align="justify">
<b><span style="font-size: medium;">Examples of Intangible Objects (also called as conceptual objects):</span></b></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-size: medium;"></span></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-size: medium;">Time is an intangible (conceptual) object</span></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-size: medium;"></span></div>
<b><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></b>
<b><span style="font-size: medium;">State (attributes)</span></b><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: medium;">Hours</span><br />
<span style="font-size: medium;">Seconds</span> <br />
<span style="font-size: medium;">Minutes</span><br />
<span style="font-size: medium;"></span><br />
<span style="font-size: medium;"><b><br /></b></span>
<span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Behavior (operations)</b> <b></b></span><br />
<span style="font-size: medium;">Set/Get Hours</span> <br />
<span style="font-size: medium;">Set/Get Seconds<b></b></span> <br />
<span style="font-size: medium;">Set/Get Minutes</span><br />
<span style="font-size: medium;">We will assign our own generated unique ID in the model for Time object. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span>
<br />
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-size: medium;"></span></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-size: medium;">Date is also an intangible (conceptual) object </span></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-size: medium;"></span></div>
<b><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></b>
<b><span style="font-size: medium;">State (attributes)</span></b> <br />
<span style="font-size: medium;">Year</span> <br />
<span style="font-size: medium;">Day</span> <br />
<span style="font-size: medium;">Month</span><br />
<b><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></b>
<b><span style="font-size: medium;">Behavior (operations)</span></b> <br />
<span style="font-size: medium;">Set/Get Year</span> <br />
<span style="font-size: medium;">Set/Get Day</span> <br />
<span style="font-size: medium;">Set/Get Month</span><br />
<div align="justify">
<b><span style="font-size: medium;"></span></b></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-size: medium;">We will assign our own generated unique ID in the model for Date object.</span></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-size: medium;"></span></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-size: medium;">Let us look at some of the key aspects of object orientation. </span></div>
<div align="justify">
<strong><span style="font-size: medium;"></span></strong></div>
<div align="justify">
<b><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div align="justify">
<b><span style="font-size: medium;">Key Aspects:</span></b> </div>
<ul>
<li> <div align="justify">
<span style="font-size: medium;">Model is the abstraction of some real word scenario. It helps us to understand that scenario. </span></div>
</li>
<li> <div align="justify">
<span style="font-size: medium;">Object oriented model of any scenario (problem) describes that scenario (problem) in the form of interacting objects. </span></div>
</li>
<li> <div align="justify">
<span style="font-size: medium;">We use Object Orientation because it helps us in mapping real world problem in a programming language. </span></div>
</li>
<li> <div align="justify">
<span style="font-size: medium;">Object Orientation is achieved using objects and their relationships. </span></div>
</li>
<li> <div align="justify">
<span style="font-size: medium;">Properties of an object are described using its data members and behavior of an object is described using its functions. </span></div>
</li>
<li> <div align="justify">
<span style="font-size: medium;">Objects may be tangible (physical) or intangible (also called conceptual or virtual). </span></div>
</li>
<li> <div align="justify">
<span style="font-size: medium;">Generally when we have given a certain problem description, nouns in that problem description are candidates for becoming objects of our system. </span></div>
</li>
<li> <div align="justify">
<span style="font-size: medium;">There may be more than one aspects of an object </span></div>
</li>
<li> <div align="justify">
<span style="font-size: medium;">It is not necessary that every object has a specific role in implementation of a problem there may be some objects without any role, like school parking in our school. </span></div>
</li>
<li> <div align="justify">
<span style="font-size: medium;">It is easier to develop programs using Object Oriented Programming because it is closer to real life.</span></div>
</li>
</ul>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-size: medium;"></span></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-size: medium;"></span></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-size: medium;"></span></div>
<div class="wlWriterEditableSmartContent" id="scid:0767317B-992E-4b12-91E0-4F059A8CECA8:462e50c0-b8bb-482d-be9d-e4ebb577e9ab" style="display: inline; float: none; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">
Technorati Tags: <a href="http://technorati.com/tags/Object+orienteed+programming" rel="tag">Object orienteed programming</a>,<a href="http://technorati.com/tags/oop.+OOP" rel="tag">oop. OOP</a>,<a href="http://technorati.com/tags/object+orientation" rel="tag">object orientation</a>,<a href="http://technorati.com/tags/introduction+to+object+orientation" rel="tag">introduction to object orientation</a>,<a href="http://technorati.com/tags/introduction+to+oo" rel="tag">introduction to oo</a>,<a href="http://technorati.com/tags/object+oriented+paradigm" rel="tag">object oriented paradigm</a>,<a href="http://technorati.com/tags/oo" rel="tag">oo</a>,<a href="http://technorati.com/tags/objects+in+programming" rel="tag">objects in programming</a>,<a href="http://technorati.com/tags/object+orientation+in+c%2b%2b" rel="tag">object orientation in c++</a></div>
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Usman Khanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16581732211609745919noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3132272184153628305.post-38940719221825154712013-10-26T09:04:00.001-07:002013-10-26T09:04:55.560-07:00Windows 8.1 Password Resolved<p>In daily use, we do not really prefer to always type a long password that we have for our live account. Instead, what we can do is, we can very easily alter it or you can say bypass it by applying the following procedure. </p> <p>Click on the search in the right panel as shown in the figure below. </p> <p> </p> <p><a href="http://lh4.ggpht.com/-CFezN3p7KuA/Umvnyo5yqzI/AAAAAAAAEVk/Qe5O0rSwF-4/s1600-h/1%25255B10%25255D.png"><img title="1" style="border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; display: inline" border="0" alt="1" src="http://lh6.ggpht.com/-m-1VklzS1Vs/Umvn43wHBDI/AAAAAAAAEVs/A_UaoNHCh5U/1_thumb%25255B8%25255D.png?imgmax=800" width="536" height="514" /></a></p> <p> </p> <p>After you click on search, the following panel will open. Type password. Here you see, as highlighted in the figure below. Click on “Sign-in options”. </p> <p> </p> <p> <a href="http://lh4.ggpht.com/-kauesm2haQ4/Umvn7khGBlI/AAAAAAAAEV0/wraN02OUDjM/s1600-h/2%25255B4%25255D.png"><img title="2" style="border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; display: inline" border="0" alt="2" src="http://lh5.ggpht.com/-gEjKq65unoc/Umvn9hgbUuI/AAAAAAAAEV8/Y7mSSVnIS5I/2_thumb%25255B2%25255D.png?imgmax=800" width="409" height="514" /></a> </p> <p> </p> <p>Now, here you have different options, the most suitable and easier way is to have a four digit pin. </p> <p>Click, on the change button in the “PIN” option which is the third one here. </p> <p> </p> <p><a href="http://lh5.ggpht.com/-oRp9ZrjsPA8/Umvn-38useI/AAAAAAAAEWE/BN0SVBoDDao/s1600-h/3%25255B7%25255D.png"><img title="3" style="border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; display: inline" border="0" alt="3" src="http://lh4.ggpht.com/-v8wmr9Ks3c0/UmvoA37hKQI/AAAAAAAAEWM/aIzb6wWtrPI/3_thumb%25255B8%25255D.png?imgmax=800" width="640" height="514" /></a></p> <p> </p> <p>First it will prompt you to enter your Hotmail account password which you are using to log into your windows. </p> <p>Enter your password. As i did mine in the following diagram. </p> <p> </p> <p> <a href="http://lh3.ggpht.com/-FTTTboCRLqY/UmvoBwEkspI/AAAAAAAAEWU/Ayi5PnRFk7o/s1600-h/4%25255B5%25255D.png"><img title="4" style="border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; display: inline" border="0" alt="4" src="http://lh3.ggpht.com/-Au2ZYFtUmgM/UmvoDSD6KII/AAAAAAAAEWc/jZvjAEzgS0g/4_thumb%25255B6%25255D.png?imgmax=800" width="680" height="421" /></a></p> <p> </p> <p>Now, enter your four digit pin number. </p> <p> <a href="http://lh5.ggpht.com/-HztdCk84WB8/UmvoE3dyGbI/AAAAAAAAEWk/UjibkhlTpb8/s1600-h/5%25255B5%25255D.png"><img title="5" style="border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; display: inline" border="0" alt="5" src="http://lh4.ggpht.com/-Q--0aegkMsI/UmvoGPIsJQI/AAAAAAAAEWs/KWgMSzpGC8s/5_thumb%25255B6%25255D.png?imgmax=800" width="680" height="421" /></a></p> <p> </p> <p>Like this. </p> <p> </p> <p> <a href="http://lh3.ggpht.com/-AsQlW14MZ30/UmvoH2mItiI/AAAAAAAAEW0/kcMlSzrpw80/s1600-h/6%25255B5%25255D.png"><img title="6" style="border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; display: inline" border="0" alt="6" src="http://lh3.ggpht.com/-L1nw9S9fG0U/UmvoJBBnFDI/AAAAAAAAEW8/OxQ6QkWrGns/6_thumb%25255B6%25255D.png?imgmax=800" width="680" height="414" /></a> </p> <p> </p> <p>And here you go, now when you want to log into your windows you will just have to enter the pin and it logs in. </p> <p> </p> <div id="scid:0767317B-992E-4b12-91E0-4F059A8CECA8:f4d4158a-16e4-4323-9d9e-33d39d07e719" class="wlWriterEditableSmartContent" style="float: none; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-left: 0px; margin: 0px; display: inline; padding-right: 0px">Technorati Tags: <a href="http://technorati.com/tags/windows+8.1+password+problem" rel="tag">windows 8.1 password problem</a>,<a href="http://technorati.com/tags/disable+password+windows+8.1" rel="tag">disable password windows 8.1</a>,<a href="http://technorati.com/tags/windows+8.1+password+disabled" rel="tag">windows 8.1 password disabled</a>,<a href="http://technorati.com/tags/windows+8.1+problem" rel="tag">windows 8.1 problem</a>,<a href="http://technorati.com/tags/password+in+windows+8.1" rel="tag">password in windows 8.1</a>,<a href="http://technorati.com/tags/windows+8.1+password+change" rel="tag">windows 8.1 password change</a>,<a href="http://technorati.com/tags/8.1+password+disabled" rel="tag">8.1 password disabled</a></div> Usman Khanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16581732211609745919noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3132272184153628305.post-55484142501274626902013-10-10T03:57:00.001-07:002013-10-10T03:59:53.915-07:00C program to print different Star Formations using For Loop<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<br />
Here is the code to print different star formations using for loop. <br />
<br />
<table border="2" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 530px;"> <tbody>
<tr> <td valign="top" width="526"><span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: small;">#include "stdio.h"</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: small;">int main()<br />{<br /> int num,i,j,k,m,n,o,p;<br /> printf("Please enter a number to print the star formations \n");</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: small;"> <br /> scanf("%d", &num); <br /> <br />
for(i=0;i<num;i++) <br /> {<br /> for(j=0;j<num;j++)<br /> {<br /> printf("*");<br /> }<br /> printf("\n");<br /> }<br />
<br />
printf("\n"); </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace;"><span style="font-size: small;">j=0,i=0,k=0; </span> </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: small;">// Hollow Star formation <br /> for(i=0;i<num;i++) <br /> {<br /> for(j=0;j<num;j++)<br /> {<br /> if(i==0 || i==num-1)<br /> {<br /> printf("*"); <br /> }<br /> else if(j==0 || j==num-1)<br /> {<br /> printf("*");<br /> }<br /> else<br /> {<br /> printf(" ");<br /> }<br /> }<br /> printf("\n");<br /> }</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: small;"><br /> // downward descending formation<br /> printf("\n");<br /> j=0,i=0,k=0;<br /> for(i=num;i>0;i--)<br /> {<br /> for(j=i;j>0;j--)<br /> {<br /> printf("*");<br /> }<br /> printf("\n");<br /> } </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace;"><span style="font-size: small;">printf("\n"); </span> </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace;"><span style="font-size: small;">j=0,i=0,k=0; </span> </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace;"><span style="font-size: small;"></span> </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: small;"> for(i=num;i>=0;i--)<br /> {<br /> for(k=i;k<num;k++)<br /> {<br /> printf(" ");<br /> }<br /> for(j=0;j<=i-1;j++)<br /> {<br /> printf("*");<br /> }<br /> printf("\n");<br /> } </span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace;"><span style="font-size: small;">printf("\n"); </span> </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace;"><span style="font-size: small;">j=0,i=0,k=0; </span> </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace;"><span style="font-size: small;">// Star formation right angle triangle. </span> </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: small;"> for(i=num;i>0;i--)<br /> {<br /> for(j=0;j<i-1;j++)<br /> {<br /> printf(" ");<br /> }<br /> for(k=j;k<num;k++)<br /> {<br /> printf("*");<br /> }<br /> printf("\n");<br /> } </span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace;"><span style="font-size: small;">printf("\n"); </span> </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace;"><span style="font-size: small;">j=0,i=0,k=0; </span> </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace;"><span style="font-size: small;"> for(i=0;i<num;i++) <br /> {<br /> for(j=0;j<=i;j++)<br /> {<br /> printf("*");<br /> }<br /> printf("\n");<br /> }</span> </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: small;"> return 0;<br />}</span> <br />
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</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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The output of the above code is following: <br />
<br />
<a href="http://lh4.ggpht.com/-CJIAwQoFXqs/UlaIJNF12PI/AAAAAAAAEVI/OqZfBFNxOD4/s1600-h/st9.png"><img alt="st" border="0" height="554" src="http://lh5.ggpht.com/-OczD4MECAOc/UlaIKb4l0CI/AAAAAAAAEVQ/WdDMNYOIYuY/st_thumb7.png?imgmax=800" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; display: inline;" title="st" width="330" /></a><br />
<div class="wlWriterEditableSmartContent" id="scid:0767317B-992E-4b12-91E0-4F059A8CECA8:457d0ba9-1301-44c5-9b6c-730ef981eb32" style="display: inline; float: none; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">
Technorati Tags: <a href="http://technorati.com/tags/c+program+to+print+the+star+formation" rel="tag">c program to print the star formation</a>,<a href="http://technorati.com/tags/c+program+to+print+hollow+star" rel="tag">c program to print hollow star</a>,<a href="http://technorati.com/tags/c+program+hollow+star" rel="tag">c program hollow star</a>,<a href="http://technorati.com/tags/c+program+star+formation+using+loops" rel="tag">c program star formation using loops</a>,<a href="http://technorati.com/tags/c+programming" rel="tag">c programming</a>,<a href="http://technorati.com/tags/c+program+star+formation" rel="tag">c program star formation</a>,<a href="http://technorati.com/tags/downward+star+formation+using+loops" rel="tag">downward star formation using loops</a></div>
</div>
Usman Khanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16581732211609745919noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3132272184153628305.post-57572238633152216372013-10-10T02:03:00.001-07:002013-10-10T02:05:41.050-07:00C program to print the hollow stars square<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
Here is the code for the C program to print the star formation of a hollow square. The program will input an integer value from the user and print the hollow star formations. <br />
Here is the code. <br />
<br />
<table border="2" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 500px;"> <tbody>
<tr> <td valign="top" width="500"><b>#include “stdio.h” </b><br />
<b>int main() </b><br />
<b>{ </b><br />
<b>int num,i,j; </b><br />
<b>printf("Please enter a number to print the hollow star formation \n"); </b><br />
<b>scanf("%d", &num); </b><br />
<b>for(i=0;i<num;i++) </b><br />
<b>{ </b><br />
<b>for(j=0;j<num;j++) </b><br />
<b>{ </b><br />
<b>if(i==0 || i==num-1) </b><br />
<b>{ </b><br />
<b>printf("*"); </b><br />
<b>} </b><br />
<b>else if(j==0 || j==num-1) </b><br />
<b>{ </b><br />
<b>printf("*"); </b><br />
<b>} </b><br />
<b>else </b><br />
<b>{ </b><br />
<b>printf(" "); // space is printed ..</b><br />
<b>} </b><br />
<b>} </b><br />
<b>printf("\n"); </b><br />
<b>} </b><br />
<b>return 0; </b><br />
<b>}</b><br />
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</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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Here is the sample output. <br />
<a href="http://lh5.ggpht.com/-UU9Zb0kVh5s/UlZtXNyevXI/AAAAAAAAEUw/se4hbgmmzA4/s1600-h/star%25255B7%25255D.png"><img alt="star" border="0" height="280" src="http://lh3.ggpht.com/-Vfjz0HTLDU0/UlZtYicKVVI/AAAAAAAAEU4/GfyxUfjaGxk/star_thumb%25255B5%25255D.png?imgmax=800" style="border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; border-right: 0px; border-top: 0px; display: inline;" title="star" width="734" /></a> <br />
<br />
As can be seen in the output above, for the user input, the hollow star square will be formed. The key to understand the logic of the code is as follows. <br />
The outerloop controls the number of lines and inner loop controls the number of stars. <br />
<br />
<div class="wlWriterEditableSmartContent" id="scid:0767317B-992E-4b12-91E0-4F059A8CECA8:683a934f-ba18-4cad-a788-2864c1c0e068" style="display: inline; float: none; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">
Technorati Tags: <a href="http://technorati.com/tags/c+program+to+print+the+star+formation" rel="tag">c program to print the star formation</a>,<a href="http://technorati.com/tags/c+program+to+print+hollow+star" rel="tag">c program to print hollow star</a>,<a href="http://technorati.com/tags/c+program+hollow+star" rel="tag">c program hollow star</a>,<a href="http://technorati.com/tags/c+program+star+formation+using+loops" rel="tag">c program star formation using loops</a></div>
</div>
Usman Khanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16581732211609745919noreply@blogger.com11tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3132272184153628305.post-92128313875070449222013-10-08T00:44:00.001-07:002013-10-08T09:31:09.924-07:00C program to display integers in Ascending without using Loop<div style="text-align: left" dir="ltr" trbidi="on"><span style="font-size: large; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif">This program run sorts and display the integers in ascending order. It finds the largest and smallest integer values respectively. </span><br><span style="font-size: large; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><br></span><span style="font-size: large; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><br></span></div> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2" width="500" border="2"> <tbody> <tr> <td valign="top" width="496"><br> <div style="text-align: left"><b><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif">#include "stdio.h"</span></b><br><b style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif">#include "conio.h"</b><br><b><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><br></span></b><b><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><br>int main()</span></b><br> <div class="separator" style="text-align: center; clear: both"><b><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><br></span></b></div><b><br><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif">{</span></b></div><br> <div style="text-align: left"><br></div> <div style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><b> int a=0, b=0, c=0,d=0,e=0, f=0, grade;</b></span></div> <div style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><b> printf("Enter four numbers\n");</b></span></div> <div style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><b> </b></span></div> <div style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><b> scanf("%d",&a);</b></span></div> <div style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><b> scanf("%d",&b);</b></span></div> <div style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><b> scanf("%d",&c);</b></span></div> <div style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><b> scanf("%d",&d);</b></span></div> <div style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><b> </b></span></div> <div style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><b> if(a>b && a>c && a>d)</b></span></div> <div style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><b> {</b></span></div> <div style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><b> printf("1st value that you entered is largest\n");</b></span></div> <div style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><b> e=1;</b></span></div> <div style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><b> }</b></span></div> <div style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><b> else if(b>a && b>c && b>d)</b></span></div> <div style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><b> {</b></span></div> <div style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><b> printf("2nd value that you entered is largest\n");</b></span></div> <div style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><b> e=2;</b></span></div> <div style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><b> }</b></span></div> <div style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><b> else if(c>a && c>b && c>d)</b></span></div> <div style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><b> {</b></span></div> <div style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><b> printf("3rd value that you entered is largest\n"); </b></span></div> <div style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><b> e=3;</b></span></div> <div style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><b> }</b></span></div> <div style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><b> else if(d>a && d>b && d>c)</b></span></div> <div style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><b> {</b></span></div> <div style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><b> printf("4th value that you entered is largest\n");</b></span></div> <div style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><b> e=4;</b></span></div> <div style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><b> }</b></span></div> <div style="text-align: left"><b><br></b></div> <div style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><b> // For finding smallest value</b></span></div> <div style="text-align: left"><b><br></b></div> <div style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><b> if(a<span font="" d="" c="" amp="" a=""></span></b></span></div> <div style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><b> {</b></span></div> <div style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><b> printf("1st value that you entered is smallest\n");</b></span></div> <div style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><b> f=1;</b></span></div> <div style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><b> }</b></span></div> <div style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><b> else if(b<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3132272184153628305" font="" d="" c="" amp="" b=""></a></b></span></div> <div style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><b> {</b></span></div> <div style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><b> printf("2nd value that you entered is smallest\n"); </b></span></div> <div style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><b> f=2;</b></span></div> <div style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><b> }</b></span></div> <div style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><b> else if(c<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3132272184153628305" font="" d="" c="" amp="" b=""></a></b></span></div> <div style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><b> {</b></span></div> <div style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><b> printf("3rd value that you entered is smallest\n");</b></span></div> <div style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><b> f=3;</b></span></div> <div style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><b> }</b></span></div> <div style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><b> else if(d<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3132272184153628305" font="" d="" c="" amp="" b=""></a></b></span></div> <div style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><b> {</b></span></div> <div style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><b> printf("4th value that you entered is smallest\n");</b></span></div> <div style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><b> f=4;</b></span></div> <div style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><b> }</b></span></div> <div style="text-align: left"><b><br></b></div> <div style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><b> //Sorting //</b></span></div> <div style="text-align: left"><b><br></b></div> <div style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><b> if(e==1 && f==2)</b></span></div> <div style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><b> {</b></span></div> <div style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><b> if(c<d font=""></d></b></span></div> <div style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><b> {</b></span></div> <div style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><b> printf("Sorted order is \n %d %d %d %d", b,c , d, a);</b></span></div> <div style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><b> }</b></span></div> <div style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><b> else</b></span></div> <div style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><b> {</b></span></div> <div style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><b> printf("Sorted order is \n %d %d %d %d", b,d , c, a);</b></span></div> <div style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><b> }</b></span></div> <div style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><b> }</b></span></div> <div style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><b> else </b></span></div> <div style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><b> if(e==1 && f==3)</b></span></div> <div style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><b> {</b></span></div> <div style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><b> if(b<d font=""></d></b></span></div> <div style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><b> {</b></span></div> <div style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><b> printf("Sorted order is \n %d %d %d %d", c,b , d, a);</b></span></div> <div style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><b> }</b></span></div> <div style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><b> else</b></span></div> <div style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><b> {</b></span></div> <div style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><b> printf("Sorted order is \n %d %d %d %d", c,d , b, a);</b></span></div> <div style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><b> } </b></span></div> <div style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><b> }</b></span></div> <div style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><b> else</b></span></div> <div style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><b> if(e==1 && f==4)</b></span></div> <div style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><b> {</b></span></div> <div style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><b> if(b<c font=""></c></b></span></div> <div style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><b> {</b></span></div> <div style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><b> printf("Sorted order is \n %d %d %d %d", d,b , c, a);</b></span></div> <div style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><b> }</b></span></div> <div style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><b> else</b></span></div> <div style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><b> {</b></span></div> <div style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><b> printf("Sorted order is \n %d %d %d %d", d,c , b, a);</b></span></div> <div style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><b> }</b></span></div> <div style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><b> }</b></span></div> <div style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><b> </b></span></div> <div style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><b> // for e=2 </b></span></div> <div style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><b> </b></span></div> <div style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><b> if(e==2 && f==1) // a is smallest, b is largest</b></span></div> <div style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><b> {</b></span></div> <div style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><b> if(c<d font=""></d></b></span></div> <div style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><b> {</b></span></div> <div style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><b> printf("Sorted order is \n %d %d %d %d",a, c , d, b);</b></span></div> <div style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><b> }</b></span></div> <div style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><b> else</b></span></div> <div style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><b> {</b></span></div> <div style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><b> printf("Sorted order is \n %d %d %d %d", a,d , c, b);</b></span></div> <div style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><b> }</b></span></div> <div style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><b> }</b></span></div> <div style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><b> else </b></span></div> <div style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><b> if(e==2 && f==3)// c is smallest</b></span></div> <div style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><b> {</b></span></div> <div style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><b> if(a<d font=""></d></b></span></div> <div style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><b> {</b></span></div> <div style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><b> printf("Sorted order is \n %d %d %d %d", c,a , d, b);</b></span></div> <div style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><b> }</b></span></div> <div style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><b> else</b></span></div> <div style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><b> {</b></span></div> <div style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><b> printf("Sorted order is \n %d %d %d %d", c,d , a, b);</b></span></div> <div style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><b> } </b></span></div> <div style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><b> }</b></span></div> <div style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><b> else</b></span></div> <div style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><b> if(e==2 && f==4) // d is smallest</b></span></div> <div style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><b> {</b></span></div> <div style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><b> if(a<c font=""></c></b></span></div> <div style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><b> {</b></span></div> <div style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><b> printf("Sorted order is \n %d %d %d %d", d,a , c, b);</b></span></div> <div style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><b> }</b></span></div> <div style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><b> else</b></span></div> <div style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><b> {</b></span></div> <div style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><b> printf("Sorted order is \n %d %d %d %d", d,c , a, b);</b></span></div> <div style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><b> }</b></span></div> <div style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><b> }</b></span></div> <div style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><b> </b></span></div> <div style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><b> // for c is largest i.e.. e=3 </b></span></div> <div style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><b> if(e==3 && f==1) // a is smallest, c is largest</b></span></div> <div style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><b> {</b></span></div> <div style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><b> if(b<d font=""></d></b></span></div> <div style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><b> {</b></span></div> <div style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><b> printf("Sorted order is \n %d %d %d %d",a, b , d, c);</b></span></div> <div style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><b> }</b></span></div> <div style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><b> else</b></span></div> <div style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><b> {</b></span></div> <div style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><b> printf("Sorted order is \n %d %d %d %d", a,d , b, c);</b></span></div> <div style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><b> }</b></span></div> <div style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><b> }</b></span></div> <div style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><b> else </b></span></div> <div style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><b> if(e==3 && f==2)// b is smallest</b></span></div> <div style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><b> {</b></span></div> <div style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><b> if(a<d font=""></d></b></span></div> <div style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><b> {</b></span></div> <div style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><b> printf("Sorted order is \n %d %d %d %d", b,a , d, c);</b></span></div> <div style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><b> }</b></span></div> <div style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><b> else</b></span></div> <div style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><b> {</b></span></div> <div style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><b> printf("Sorted order is \n %d %d %d %d", b,d , a, c);</b></span></div> <div style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><b> } </b></span></div> <div style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><b> }</b></span></div> <div style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><b> else</b></span></div> <div style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><b> if(e==3 && f==4) // d is smallest</b></span></div> <div style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><b> {</b></span></div> <div style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><b> if(a<span font=""></span></b></span></div> <div style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><b> {</b></span></div> <div style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><b> printf("Sorted order is \n %d %d %d %d", d,a , b, c);</b></span></div> <div style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><b> }</b></span></div> <div style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><b> else</b></span></div> <div style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><b> {</b></span></div> <div style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><b> printf("Sorted order is \n %d %d %d %d", d,b , a, c);</b></span></div> <div style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><b> }</b></span></div> <div style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><b> } </b></span></div> <div style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><b> </b></span></div> <div style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><b> </b></span></div> <div style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><b> // for d is largest i.e.. e=4 </b></span></div> <div style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><b> </b></span></div> <div style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><b> </b></span></div> <div style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><b> </b></span></div> <div style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><b> if(e==4 && f==1) // a is smallest</b></span></div> <div style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><b> {</b></span></div> <div style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><b> if(b<c font=""></c></b></span></div> <div style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><b> {</b></span></div> <div style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><b> printf("Sorted order is \n %d %d %d %d",a, b , c, d);</b></span></div> <div style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><b> }</b></span></div> <div style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><b> else</b></span></div> <div style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><b> {</b></span></div> <div style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><b> printf("Sorted order is \n %d %d %d %d", a,c , b, d);</b></span></div> <div style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><b> }</b></span></div> <div style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><b> }</b></span></div> <div style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><b> else </b></span></div> <div style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><b> if(e==4 && f==2)// b is smallest</b></span></div> <div style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><b> {</b></span></div> <div style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><b> if(a<c font=""></c></b></span></div> <div style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><b> {</b></span></div> <div style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><b> printf("Sorted order is \n %d %d %d %d", b,a , c, d);</b></span></div> <div style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><b> }</b></span></div> <div style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><b> else</b></span></div> <div style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><b> {</b></span></div> <div style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><b> printf("Sorted order is \n %d %d %d %d", b,c , a, d);</b></span></div> <div style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><b> } </b></span></div> <div style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><b> }</b></span></div> <div style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><b> else</b></span></div> <div style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><b> if(e==4 && f==3) // d is smallest</b></span></div> <div style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><b> {</b></span></div> <div style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><b> if(a<span font=""></span></b></span></div> <div style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><b> {</b></span></div> <div style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><b> printf("Sorted order is \n %d %d %d %d", d,a , b, d);</b></span></div> <div style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><b> }</b></span></div> <div style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><b> else</b></span></div> <div style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><b> {</b></span></div> <div style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><b> printf("Sorted order is \n %d %d %d %d", d,b , a, d);</b></span></div> <div style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><b> }</b></span></div> <div style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><b> } </b></span></div> <div style="text-align: left"><b><br></b></div> <div style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><b> getch();</b></span></div> <div style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><b> return 0;</b></span></div> <div style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><b> </b></span></div> <div style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><b> </b></span></div> <div style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><b>}</b></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div style="text-align: left" dir="ltr" trbidi="on"><br> <div><br><b>Here is the output. </b><br><br><b><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"></span></b><br> <div class="separator" style="text-align: center; clear: both; margin: 0px"><a style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em" href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-5I6_lalsPUQ/UlPCeyA4PyI/AAAAAAAAEUg/8KdCnKEKg4U/s1600/pr.png" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-5I6_lalsPUQ/UlPCeyA4PyI/AAAAAAAAEUg/8KdCnKEKg4U/s400/pr.png" width="730" height="414"></a></div></div></div> <p></p> <p> </p> <p></p> <p></p> <p></p> <div id="scid:0767317B-992E-4b12-91E0-4F059A8CECA8:2fbd0e70-c32a-4b8b-8dc9-797d53ec5b68" class="wlWriterEditableSmartContent" style="float: none; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-left: 0px; margin: 0px; display: inline; padding-right: 0px">Technorati Tags: <a href="http://technorati.com/tags/c+programming" rel="tag">c programming</a>,<a href="http://technorati.com/tags/sorting+in+c" rel="tag">sorting in c</a>,<a href="http://technorati.com/tags/sorting+in+ascending+order+in+c" rel="tag">sorting in ascending order in c</a>,<a href="http://technorati.com/tags/c+program+sorting" rel="tag">c program sorting</a>,<a href="http://technorati.com/tags/sorting+integers+in+c+language" rel="tag">sorting integers in c language</a></div> Usman Khanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16581732211609745919noreply@blogger.com0